Rotation Sensing with Large Ring Lasers: Applications in Geophysics and Geodesy

335 Pages·2023·11.975 MB·English

by  Ulrich Schreiber, Jon-Paul Wells

ROTATION SENSING WITH LARGE RING LASERS
Ringlasersarecommonlyusedasgyroscopesforaircraftnavigationandattitudecontrol.
Thelargestringlasersaresensitiveenoughthattheycanbeusedforhighresolutioninertial
rotation sensing of the Earth in order to detect tiny perturbations in the Earth’s rotation
causedbyearthquakesorglobalmasstransport.Thisbookdescribesthelatestadvancesin
thedevelopmentoflargeringlasersforapplicationsingeodesyandgeophysicsusingthe
most sensitive and stable devices available. Chapters cover our current knowledge of the
physicsofthelasergyroscope,howtoacquireandanalyzedatafromringlasers,andwhat
thepotentialapplicationsareinthegeosciences.Itisavaluablereferenceforthoseworking
with ring lasers or using the data for applications in geodesy and geophysics, as well as
researchersinlaserphysics,photonics,andnavigation.
k. ulrich schreiber is a professor at the Technical University of Munich. He has
morethan30yearsofresearchexperienceinthetechnologyofspacegeodesy,inparticu-
lar satellite and lunar laser ranging, ring laser development, and optical time transfer. He
receivedtheHuygensMedalforInstrumentationfromtheEuropeanGeosciencesUnionin
2016.
jon-paul r. wells is a professor of physics at the University of Canterbury in
Christchurch, New Zealand. His research interests include large ring laser gyroscopes,
opticalinterferometry,andlaserspectroscopyofinorganicsolids.
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Published online by Cambridge University Press
ROTATION SENSING WITH LARGE
RING LASERS
Applications in Geophysics and Geodesy
K. ULRICH SCHREIBER
TechnicalUniversityofMunich
JON-PAUL R. WELLS
UniversityofCanterbury
Published online by Cambridge University Press
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108422550
DOI:10.1017/9781108524933
©K.UlrichSchreiberandJon-PaulR.Wells2023
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisions
ofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytake
placewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment.
Firstpublished2023
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Schreiber,Ulrich(Geodesist),author.|Wells,Jon-Paul,author.
Title:Rotationsensingwithlargeringlasers:applicationsingeophysics
andgeodesy/K.UlrichSchreiberandJon-PaulR.Wells.
Description:Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2022.|
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2022041589(print)|LCCN2022041590(ebook)|
ISBN9781108422550(hardback)|ISBN9781108524933(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Lasers.|Rotationsensors.|Opticalgyroscopes.
Classification:LCCQC688.S372022(print)|LCCQC688(ebook)|
DDC621.36/6–dc23/eng20221121
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022041589
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022041590
ISBN978-1-108-42255-0 Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessmenthasnoresponsibilityforthepersistence
oraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhis
publicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwill
remain,accurateorappropriate.
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Tothepioneersofourlargeringlaseradventure:HansBilger,RichardFalke,
MorriePoulton,CliveRowe,ManfredSchneiderandGeoffreyStedman.
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Contents
Preface pagexi
1 Pre-historyofLargeRingLasers 1
1.1 TheSagnacEffectandSomeEarlyExperiments 1
1.2 The1925Michelson,GaleandPearsonExperiment 5
1.3 TheAdventofLasers:The1963MacekandDavisRingLaser 6
1.4 PassiveOpticalGyroscopes 8
1.5 LargeGyroscopeExperimentsintheEarly1980s 10
2 AspectsofHelium–Neon-BasedLaserGyroscopes 13
2.1 TheHelium–NeonGainMediumandLaserOscillation 14
2.2 TheSagnacEffectinaRingLaserCavity 17
2.3 CavityStability 19
2.4 AstigmatismandTEMModesintheRingLaser 20
2.5 HoleBurning,Saturation,Cross-andSelf-Saturation 21
2.6 Polarization 25
3 LargeScaleHelium–NeonGyroscopes 27
3.1 GeneralRemarks 27
3.2 HotCavityversusColdCavity 28
3.3 PassiveGyroConcepts 29
3.4 PrototypesofEarlyHighSensitiveRingLaserGyroscopes 31
3.5 LargeScaleHelium–NeonRingLaserDesign 37
3.5.1 GeneralTechniquesCommontoAllLasers 39
3.5.2 MonolithicRingLaserStructures 40
3.5.3 HeterolithicRingLaserStructures 42
3.5.4 ComparisonofRingLaserConcepts 46
3.5.5 OverviewofExistingConstructions 49
3.6 OperationalPrinciplesandPractice 53
vii
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viii Contents
3.6.1 ModeStructureinLargeHeNeLasers 53
3.6.2 SingleLongitudinalModeLaserOperation 56
3.6.3 PhaseLockedMulti-modeOperation 57
3.6.4 OperationonTwoDifferentCavityModes 59
3.6.5 SensorResolution 62
3.6.6 Multi-cornerBeamRecombination 66
3.6.7 FrequencyDemodulation 69
3.7 ScaleFactor 72
3.7.1 AngularRandomWalk 77
3.7.2 BeamWander 78
3.7.3 TheEffectofEarthStrainonLargeCavities 81
3.7.4 ScaleFactorCorrectionsfromVaryingLaserGain 84
3.8 LongTermGeometricCavityStability 87
3.8.1 Fabry–PerotandIodineLaserStabilization 87
3.8.2 FSRStabilization 90
3.8.3 OpticalFrequencyCombStabilization 95
3.9 RingLaserErrorCorrections 98
3.9.1 TowardAbsoluteScaleFactorDeterminations 98
3.9.2 StabilizationofDiagonallyOppositeCorners 106
3.9.3 ErrorContributionsfromtheActiveCavity 108
3.9.4 BackscatterCoupling 108
3.9.5 Non-reciprocalCavityEffects 119
3.9.6 SubtleCavityEffects 122
3.9.7 Null-shiftCorrectionsfromNon-linearPlasmaDynamics 127
3.9.8 EffectsontheInterferometerfromExtra-cavityCompo-
nents 132
3.10 Mirrors 138
3.10.1 ModernDielectricSuper-Mirrors 139
3.10.2 TheEffectofSpoiledTransmission 142
3.10.3 TheEffectofThermalNoiseontheCavityMirrors 143
3.10.4 CrystallineCoatedMirrors 149
3.11 LaserTransitiononDifferentWavelengths 150
3.11.1 RingLaserOperationsat543.3nm 150
3.11.2 RingLaserOperationsat594–611nm 153
3.11.3 RingLaserOperationsonCrystallineMirrorsat1.152μm 155
3.12 GroupsofSensors;Networks 158
3.12.1 TheROMYSensorDesign 160
3.12.2 TheOrientationofaClusterofRingLaserGyros 166
3.12.3 Details on the Transformation into the Earth-Centered
Earth-FixedFrame 170
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Contents ix
4 DataAcquisitionandAnalysis 173
4.1 TheEffectofDetectorNoiseintheRingLaser 173
4.2 TimeandFrequency 175
4.3 TimeSeriesAnalysis 176
4.3.1 Autoregression:AR(2) 177
4.3.2 TheBunemanFrequencyEstimator 178
4.3.3 TheSingleToneEstimator 180
4.3.4 InstantaneousFrequencyEstimationbyHilbertTransform 181
4.3.5 TheEffectofSubtleCrosstalkintheDigitizer 183
4.4 SpectralAnalysis 184
4.5 Filtering 187
4.5.1 FilteringtheSagnacInterferogram 187
4.5.2 RealtimePhaseShiftCalibration 189
4.5.3 TheApplicationofFiltersinRotationalSeismology 190
4.6 AncillaryHardware 192
4.6.1 ElectronicFeedbackLoops 192
4.6.2 MonitoringtheDischarge 194
4.6.3 TiltmeterApplications 195
4.6.4 SeismometerApplications 199
4.6.5 ObservationFiles 200
4.7 SagnacInterferometryfortheGeosciences 202
4.7.1 TheOrientationModel 203
4.7.2 TheRotationModel 206
4.8 RingLaserAnalysis 216
4.9 Micro-seismicBackgroundoftheEarthandWindShear 219
4.10 TransientRotationSignalsinRingLaserMeasurements 221
4.10.1 EigenmodesoftheEarth 222
4.11 TheEffectofMagneticFieldsonLargeRingLasers 224
4.12 EffectsonOpenRingResonators 227
5 AlternativeHighResolutionRotationSensingConcepts 232
5.1 ExternallyExcited,PassiveCavities 232
5.2 FiberOpticGyroscopes 234
5.2.1 InertialRotationSensinginStructuralEngineering 235
5.2.2 LargeFiberOpticGyroscope 241
5.3 HeliumSQUIDGyros 244
5.4 AtomInterferometry 246
5.5 CoriolisForceGyroscopesandMicroelectromechanicalSystems 248
5.6 Bi-directionalSolidStateRingLasers 251
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