Root Genomics

327 Pages·2011·2.86 MB·English

by  Antonio Costa de Oliveira, Rajeev K. Varshney (auth.), Antonio Costa de Oliveira, Rajeev K. Varshney (eds.)

Root Genomics
.
Antonio Costa de Oliveira Rajeev K. Varshney
l
Editors
Root Genomics
Editors
ProfessorAntonioCostadeOliveira
PlantGenomicsandBreedingCenter
FederalUniversityofPelotas
CampusUniversitarios/n,FAEM3andar
Pelotas-RS96001-970,
Brazil
[email protected]
RajeevK.Varshney
PrincipalScientist-ICRISAT;
ThemeLeader,CGIARGenerationChallengeProgramme;
AdjunctProfessor,TheUniversityofWesternAustralia
CentreofExcellenceinGenomics(CEG)
ICRISAT
Patancheru502324,A.P.,
India
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-540-85545-3 e-ISBN978-3-540-85546-0
DOI10.1007/978-3-540-85546-0
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
# Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011
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Coverillustration:RootsofWhiteLupin(Lupinusalbus).ThephotohasbeentakenfromDrs.Bruna
BucciarelliandCarrollVance,U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,AgricultureResearchService,St.Paul,
Minnesota55108,USAandtheeditorsaregratefulforthesame.
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Foreword
Root Biology: An Inconvenient Truth
Thetruthisthatrootsusuallyareasextensivelyundergroundastheaerialportions
areabovetheground.Cropplantswouldnotlivewithoutroots.Rootsabsorbwater
andnutrientsandanchortheplantinthesoil.Sowhydonotweknowmoreabout
roots?Itislikelyduetotheinconvenienceofphenotypingrootcharacteristics–and
many of today’s phenotyping methods are destructive. While we recognize the
essentialityofrootsandtheirrelationtoplantperformance,thescientificcommu-
nityhasnotplacedasufficientlyhighpriorityontheiranalysistomaketheneeded
majoradvances.Manyofthefactorsthataffectroothealthcanresultina50%yield
losswhendeficient.Giventhatthepredictedhumanpopulationincreaseis50%by
2050, the improvement of root health in crop plants could play a major role in
meetingtheworld’sneedforincreasedfood.
The study of root biology involves extensive plant–soil–water interactions that
arecomplicatedbythemicroorganismsandinsectsintherhizospherethatcanalter
root development. Each of the possible interactions has feedback effects in the
plant; many effects are long-range effects within the plant. The soil environment
relates to nutrient availability and uptake, which reflects the condition of the soil
including acidity. Even alternation of dry and flooded conditions changes various
ion states, which can change with the duration of flooding. Many climate change
scenarios predict water shortages, making the understanding of root biology even
moreimportantinthefuture.
Muchoftoday’sphenotypingofrootsisbasedonrootarchitecture,suchasroot
length,rootdiameter,rootproliferation,rootbiomass,rootmassdensityatdifferent
soil depths, diameter, and distribution of meta-xylem vessels, and root-to-shoot
ratios. Early maturity, early shoot-growth vigor, and depth and rapidity of water
absorption also are often assessed among other factors. New nondestructive
approaches need to be encouraged such as X-ray imaging, light transmission
imaging,andtime-lapserecordingsofrootgrowth.
v
vi Foreword
This book clearly documents that many new genetic/genomic technologies are
rapidly being applied to the study of roots, including high-throughput genome
sequencing,TILLING,useofmolecularmarkerssuchasSSRs,DArTs,andSNPs
forintrogressionoffavorablegenes,QTLanalyses,markerassistedbreeding,gene
discovery,comparativemapping,transcriptionfactoridentification,transcriptional
profiling,posttranscriptionaleventsregulatingmicroRNAs,andproteomeprofiling
with complete roots.Some genetic approachesare constrained –such asgenome-
wideselectionandgenecloning–bythedifficultyinphenotyping.
Plants coordinate root growth with the soil environment. Many factors can
inhibitrootgrowth.Inthisbook,aluminum,iron,andsalttoxicityareextensively
reviewed, providing a great deal of useful information. The root system is the
primary site of interaction with the soil environment, which includes exudates of
organiccompoundsfromtheplantsandthemicrobes.Someoftheseexudates are
known to represent signals that regulate microbe behaviors and even germination
ofseeds.
As illustrated in this book, it is amazing what we know about roots and their
importance,butequallyamazingiswhatwedonotknow–andweknowevenless
aboutthecomplicatedinteractions andfeedbackmechanisms.Theworkreviewed
inthisbookalsoshowsthevalueofusingmodelspeciessuchasArabidopsis;e.g.,
22geneshavebeenreportedinArabidopsisonlateralrootdevelopment,19genes
onprimaryrootdevelopment,and8genesonroot-hairformation.
Oneofthegoalsofthisbookwastoshowhowrootresearchrelatestosustain-
ablecropproductivity.Thechapterstakentogetherrepresentanextensivereviewof
the topic focusing primarily on highly productive crops under rainfed conditions.
Cropsaremostlyrainfedinthemostpopulatedareasoftheworld;thissuggeststhat
itisimperativethatrootbiologybeamajorresearchemphasisinthecomingyears–
butwillthatbethecase?Willthe“inconvenienttruth”berecognized?
RonaldL.Phillips
RegentsProfessorEmeritus
DepartmentofAgronomyandPlantGenetics
MicrobialandPlantGenomicsInstitute
UniversityofMinnesota
St.Paul,MN55108,USA
Preface
With the emerging recognition that agriculture needs to approach sustainability,
theplant–soil–waterinteractionsbecomeofparamountimportanceincropsystems.
In this scenario, roots arise from a minor to a major role in the understanding of
plant growth and development. Novel technologies allow us to scan genomes in
the fastest way ever, and there is not a day without further developments leading
to cheaper and more precise genotyping techniques. However, the complexity of
undergroundmetabolismandtheresponsesofrootsystemstoavarietyofstresses
callforimprovementsinphenotypingaswellasgenotypingtechniques.
TheideaoforganizingabookonRootGenomicsdatesasbackasearly1990sin
the graduate benches of Purdue University. The fascination with a system so
important for the plant but yet so unknown served as both an incentive and a
challenge to pursue this line of research. In 2002, an important opening for root
biologyoccurredwhenthelateDr.MikeGale,FRS,agreedtoincludeaworkshop
in Root Genomics at the Plant and Animal Genome Meetings, held yearly at San
Diego, CA. Since 2003, this workshop has generated fruitful discussions and
creatednewpathsforrootresearch.Manyspeakersfromdifferentcountriesshared
their experience in root genomics, regardless if they were working with model or
crop species. One of the speakers, Rajeev Varshney, was very impressive in his
enthusiasmanddeterminationtotargetimportantaspectsofdroughtstress.Sharing
thesameenthusiasmforstudyingrootsandstressresponseswascrucialtoputthe
idea of this book forward. Many of the authors have presented their work in the
RootGenomicsWorkshop,butallwerechosenbytheirsignificantcontributionsto
agriculturalandplantsciencesandtheircommoneffortsforabetterworld.Weare
gratefultoalltheauthorswhonotonlyprovidedatimelyreviewofthepublished
researchworkintheirareaofexpertisebutalsosharedtheirunpublishedresultsto
offer an updated view. We also appreciate their cooperation in meeting the dead-
lines,revisingthemanuscriptsandincheckingthegalley-proofs.
We are thankful to Dr Jeff L. Bennetzen, who as a brilliant geneticist was a
greatrolemodelandafriend(ACO)thathasindirectlyinspiredthislineofresearch.
We thank Dr. Ronald Phillips, a major pioneer in the field of plant genetics and
vii
viii Preface
genomics and the father of many ideas that influenced modern plant sciences, for
writingtheforeword.
Both of us also recognize that the editorial work for this book took away pre-
cioustimethatweshouldhavespentwithourrespectivefamilies.ACOacknowl-
edgestheeffortsofhisparents,GlaucoandIzabel,forprovidinganatmosphereof
learning and investigative thought during his young years, his wife Carla for her
continuous encouragement, patience, and friendship, and his children Victoria
(Vickie)andEduardo(Dudu).Similarly,RKVacknowledgesthehelpandsupport
of his wife Monika and his children Prakhar (Kutkut) and Preksha (Nanu) who
allowed their time to be taken away to fulfill RKV’s editorial responsibilities in
addition to research, managerial, and other administrative duties at ICRISAT and
GenerationChallengeProgramme(GCP).
Pelotas-RS,Brazil AntonioCostadeOliveira
Patancheru,A.P.,India RajeevK.Varshney
Contents
1 IntroductiontoRootGenomics .......................................... 1
AntonioCostadeOliveiraandRajeevK.Varshney
2 EST-BasedApproachforDissectingRootArchitecture
inBarleyUsingMutantTraitsofOtherSpecies ...................... 11
BeataOrman,AleksanderLigeza,IwonaSzarejko,
andMiroslawMaluszynski
3 GenomicsofRoot–MicrobeInteractions ............................... 73
UlrikeMathesiusandGielE.vanNoorden
4 PlantGeneticsforStudyoftheRolesofRootExudates
andMicrobesintheSoil ................................................. 99
AparnaDeshpande,AnaClaraPontaroli,SrinivasaR.Chaluvadi,
FangLu,andJeffreyL.Bennetzen
5 ImpactoftheEnvironmentonRootArchitecture
inDicotyledoneousPlants .............................................. 113
Ve´roniqueGruber,OnsZahaf,AnouckDiet,AxeldeZe´licourt,
LauradeLorenzo,andMartinCrespi
6 MechanismsofAluminumTolerance ................................. 133
OwenA.HoekengaandJurandirV.Magalhaes
7 RootResponsestoMajorAbioticStressesinFloodedSoils ......... 155
RogerioO.SousaandAntonioCostadeOliveira
8 GenomicsofRootArchitectureandFunctionsinMaize ............ 179
RobertoTuberosa,SilvioSalvi,SilviaGiuliani,MariaCorinna
Sanguineti,ElisabettaFrascaroli,SergioConti,andPierangeloLandi
ix
x Contents
9 PhenotypingforRootTraitsandTheirImprovementThrough
BiotechnologicalApproachesforSustainingCropProductivity .... 205
M.S.Sheshshayee,EhabAbou-Kheir,RohiniSreevathsa,
NamitaSrivastava,B.Mohanraju,KarabaN.Nataraja,
T.G.Prasad,andM.Udayakumar
10 GenomicsandPhysiologicalApproachesforRootTraitBreeding
toImproveDroughtToleranceinChickpea(CicerarietinumL.) ... 233
RajeevK.Varshney,LekhaPazhamala,JunichiKashiwagi,
PooranM.Gaur,L.Krishnamurthy,andDaveHoisington
11 MolecularBreedingofCerealsforAluminumResistance .......... 251
HarshRamanandPerryGustafson
12 MolecularBreedingofRiceforProblemSoils ....................... 289
AbdelbagiM.IsmailandMichaelJ.Thomson
Index ........................................................................... 313