Roll-to-Roll, Shrink-Induced Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Antibacterial Applications

85 Pages·2015·3.68 MB·English

UC Irvine
UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Title
Roll-to-Roll, Shrink-Induced Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Antibacterial Applications,
Enhanced Point-of-Care Detection, and Blood Anticoagulation
Permalink
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8vg8x10j
Author
Nokes, Jolie McLane
Publication Date
2015
Copyright Information
This work is made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License,
availalbe at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
IRVINE

Roll-to-Roll, Shrink-Induced Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Antibacterial Applications,
Enhanced Point-of-Care Detection, and Blood Anticoagulation

DISSERTATION

submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

in Biomedical Engineering

by

Jolie McLane Nokes

Dissertation Committee:
Associate Professor Michelle Khine, Chair
Professor Abraham Phillip Lee
Associate Professor Elliot Hui

2015
Portion of Chapter 2 © 2015 John Wiley and Sons and Copyright Clearance Center

Portion of Chapter 2 and Chapter 4 © 2015 PLOS Creative Commons Attribution License

Portion of Chapter 5 © 2015 John Wiley and Sons and Copyright Clearance Center

All other materials © 2015 Jolie McLane Nokes
DEDICATION

To

my parents Fred and Kathy McLane

my siblings Eric, Mark, and Kristen McLane

my husband Riley Nokes

my dogs Rocky and Lucy Nokes

ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix

CURRICULUM VITAE xi

ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION xiv

CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.1.1 Commercial Applications of Plastics 1
1.1.2 Biomimetic Inspiration 2
1.1.3 Superhydrophobic Biomaterial Applications 2
1.2 Overview of the Dissertation 2
1.2.1 Superhydrophobic Surfaces 2
1.2.2 Scale-up Manufacturing 3
1.2.3 Applications of Superhydrophobic Surfaces 4

CHAPTER 2: Superhydrophobic Surfaces 6
2.1 Introduction of Superhydrophobicity 6
2.1.1 Superhydrophobic Surfaces 6
2.1.2 Superhydrophobic Fabrication 6
2.2 Superhydrophobic Theory 7
2.2.1 Young’s Theory 7
2.2.1 Wenzel’s Theory 8
2.2.3 Cassie-Baxter Theory 8
2.3 Superhydrophobic Features 9
2.3.1 Wrinkling Phenomenon 9
2.3.1 Pre-stressed Polymer 11
2.3.3 Polymer Manufacturing 12
2.4 Superhydrophobic Surface Fabrication 13
2.4.1 Generating Superhydrophobic Wrinkles on Shrink Film 13
2.4.2 Imprinting Superhydrophobic Features 14
2.5 Superhydrophobic Surface Characterization 15
2.5.1 Micro- to Nanoscale Superhydrophobic Features 15
2.5.2 Contact angle and sliding angle measurements 16
iii
2.5.3 Mold Fidelity 18
2.5.4 Solid Fraction 19
2.6 Summary 20

CHAPTER 3: Scale-up Manufacturing of Superhydrophobic Surfaces 21
3.1 Current Fabrication Approaches 21
3.2 Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing 22
3.2.1 Flatbed Superhydrophobic Surfaces 22
3.2.2 Roll-to-Roll Superhydrophobic Surfaces 25
3.3 Summary 28

CHAPTER 4: Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Antibacterial Applications 29
4.1 Introduction 29
4.1.1 Bacterial Infections 29
4.1.2 Antibacterial Agents 29
4.2 Reduced Bacterial Adhesion on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 31
4.3 Summary 33

CHAPTER 5: Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Enhanced Point-of-Care Diagnostics 34
5.1 Point-of-Care Diagnostics 34
5.2 Evaporation on Surfaces 34
5.2.1 Evaporation on a Flat Surface 34
5.2.2 Laplace Pressure 35
5.2.3 Evaporation on a Superhydrophobic Surface 35
5.3 Characterization of Evaporation on a Superhydrophobic Surface 38
5.3.1 Droplet Characterization 38
5.3.2 Evaporation of Water 39
5.3.3 Evaporation of BSA 41
5.4 Protein Detection 42
5.4.1 Detection of BSA 42
5.5 Pre-eclampsia Detection 45
5.4.1 Pre-eclampsia 45
5.4.2 Enhanced Detection of Protein in Urine for Pre-eclampsia 46
5.6 Summary 47

CHAPTER 6: Reduced Blood Coagulation on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 48
6.1 Blood Coagulation 48
6.2 Blood Behavior on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 48
6.3 Reduced Blood Adhesion to Superhydrophobic Surfaces 49
6.4 Reduced Blood Coagulation on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 51
6.5 Summary 54

CHAPTER 7: Summary and Future Directions 55
7.1 Summary 55
7.2 Future Directions 56
7.2.1 Rolled Superhydrophobic Tubing 56
iv
7.2.2 Argon Plasma Treated Superhydrophobic Shrink Film 56
7.2.3 Patterned Detection on Superhydrophobic Substrates 58
7.2.4 Micro Superhydrophobic Ultra Rapid Flow (MicroSURF) 59

REFERENCES 61

v
LIST OF FIGURES

Page
Figure 1.1 Evolution of the Size of the Superhydrophobic Surfaces 4
Figure 2.1 Contact Angle and Contact Angle Hysteresis Diagram 7
Figure 2.2 Wetting Theories – Young, Wenzel, and Cassie-Baxter 8
Figure 2.3 Wrinkle Formation Diagram 10
Figure 2.4 Wrinkle Formation on Shrink Film 12
Figure 2.5 Superhydrophobic Surface Fabrication 14
Figure 2.6 Superhydrophobic SEMs and AFM 15
Figure 2.7 Metal, PDMS, and Plastic FFT Graph 16
Figure 2.8 Superhydrophobic Contact Angles and Contact Angle Hysteresis 17
Figure 2.9 Droplet Sliding off a SH Surface 18
Figure 3.1 Sheet Evaporation Characterization 23
Figure 3.2 Sheet Evaporation FFT Graph 24
Figure 3.3 Roll-to-Roll Characterization 26
Figure 3.4 Roll-to-Roll FFT Graphs 27
Figure 4.1 Reduced Bacterial Adhesion on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 31
Figure 5.1 Evaporation on a Superhydrophobic Surface Diagram 36
Figure 5.2 Evaporation Concentrates Molecules on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 36
Figure 5.3 Static Water Droplet Characterization 39
Figure 5.4 Water Evaporation on a Superhydrophobic Surface 40
Figure 5.5 Characterization of Water Evaporation on a Superhydrophobic Surface 41
Figure 5.6 Characterization of BSA Evaporation on a Superhydrophobic Surface 42
Figure 5.7 Enhanced BSA Detection 43
Figure 5.8 Footprint Characterization of Hydrophilic Anchor Points 44
Figure 5.9 Linear Region of BSA Detection 45
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Figure 5.10 Concentration of Stock BSA Compared to Evaporated BSA 46
Figure 5.11 Protein in Urine to Detect Pre-eclampsia 47
Figure 6.1 Blood Residual Area and Volume on a Superhydrophobic Surface 50
Figure 6.2 Standard Curve for Blood Detection 51
Figure 6.3 Blood Coagulation Fibrin Clot Area 52
Figure 6.4 Blood Coagulation SEMs 53
Figure 7.1 Rolled Superhydrophobic Tubes 57
Figure 7.2 Argon Plasma Treated Superhydrophobic Shrink Film 58
Figure 7.3 Patterned Superhydrophobic Shrink Film for Detection 59

vii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Solid Fraction of the Superhydrophobic Surfaces 19
Table 3.1 Reduced Bacterial Adhesion on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 32

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