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Role of VLBI in Astrophysics, Astrometry and Geodesy (NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physic[ PDF

430 Pages·2004·11.34 MB·English
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The Role of VLBI in Astrophysics, Astrometry and Geodesy NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division Sub-Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences IOS Press II. Mathematics,Physics and Chemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers III.Computer and Systems Science IOS Press IV.Earth and Environmental Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers V. Science and Technology Policy IOS Press The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.The types of scientific meeting generally supported are “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”, although other types of meeting are supported from time to time.The NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings.The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s Partner countries – countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series has been re-organised and there are currently Five Sub-series as noted above.Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series, as well as details of earlier Sub-series. http://www.nato.int/science http://www.wkap.nl http://www.iospress.nl http://www.wtv-books.de/nato-pco.htm Series II:Mathematics,Physics and Chemistry – Vol.135 The Role of VLBI in Astrophysics, Astrometry and Geodesy edited by Franco Mantovani Istituto di Radioastronomia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy and Andrzej Kus Radio Astronomy Department, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBookISBN: 1-4020-2406-1 Print ISBN: 1-4020-1875-4 ©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook maybe reproducedor transmitted inanyform or byanymeans,electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgements ix List of Participants xi 1. Radio astronomy. A short historical introduction 1–12 F. Mantovani 2. Principles of synchrotron emission in an astrophysical context 13–27 T. Huege and H. Falcke 3. Non-thermal emission from extragalactic radio sources: a high resolution broad band approach 29–82 G. Brunetti 4. The observational properties of blazars; selection relationships and unification 83–91 I.W.A. Browne 5. Observing blazars with VLBI 93–106 R.W. Porcas 6. Theory of relativistic jets: basic concepts 107–127 E. Ko¨rding and H. Falcke 7. Parsec-scale morphologies and properties of radio sources 129–141 T. Venturi 8. Supermassive black holes in the universe 143–156 A. Brunthaler and H. Falcke 9. Young powerful radio sources and their evolution 157–174 R. Fanti 10. AGN unification; past, present and future 175–189 I.W.A. Browne v vi 11. Radio polarimetry 191–204 W.D. Cotton 12. Gravitational lensing with radio bias 205–217 I.W.A. Browne 13. VLBI Observations of gravitational lenses 219–231 R.W. Porcas 14. Scintillation in extragalactic radio sources 233–242 M. Bondi 15. Supernovae 243–256 J.M. Marcaide 16. Astrophysical Masers 257–288 R.S. Booth and P.J. Diamond 17. Radio and optical interferometry 289–305 W.D. Cotton 18. Optical interferometry: astronomical application 307–317 W.D. Cotton 19. Data analysis 319–336 W.D. Cotton 20. Deep fields: the faint sub-mJy and microJy radio sky: a VLBI perspective 337–347 M.A. Garrett 21. Space VLBI 349–358 S. Frey 22. VLBI for geodesy and geodynamics 359–381 J. Campbell 23. Tropospheric and ionospheric phase calibration 383–401 J.-F. Lestrade The Role of VLBI in Astrophysics, Astrometry and Geodesy vii 24. Ground based VLBI facilities: the european and global VLBI network 403–413 M.A. Garrett This page intentionally left blank Preface The NATO Advanced Study Institute Series ’The Role of VLBI in As- trophysics, Astrometry and Geodesy’ appears 13 years after the pioneering summer school on ’VLBI Techniques and Applications’ edited by M. Felli and R.E. Spencer. Its purpose is to update and expand our knowledge on the scientific potential of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and its development. In particular, the VLBI technique is reviewed in the light of the most advanced astronomical observations. The scientific issues in the field of galactic and extragalactic astronomy, astrometry and geodesy, where this technique is recognised to play a crucial role, are emphasized. The book includes such important aspects as a high-resolution approach to non-thermal emission from extragalactic radio sources and the principles of synchrotronemissioninanastrophysicalcontext.Thebasicconceptsofthe theory of relativistic jets are presented. The evolution of young, powerful radio sources is explained, while the structure of radio sources is treated in the context of the unified scheme models. Important topics are discussed, such as scintillation of extragalactic radio sources, radio polarimetry, in- vestigation of the faint sub-mJy and micro-Jy radio sky, evolution of radio emission from Supernovae, and astrophysical masers. In addition the read- ers will find more technical issues such as radio and optical interferometry and tropospheric and ionospheric phase calibration. Applications and re- sults of VLBI for Geodesy and Geodynamics are also extensively discussed. This book is intended to be a support for teachers and students in Astro- physics and Geodesy at the undergraduate and graduate levels, and an aid for scientists planning their own investigations. Acknowlegments The Editors wish to thank the NATO Science Committee of the Ad- vanced Study Institute programme, the European VLBI Consortium Di- rectors for their continued encouragements, the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and the EC FP5 Project Infrastructure Cooperation Net- work in Radio Astronomy - RadioNET (Contract No. HPRI-CT-1999- 40003) for the funds made available to the students. The Editors also wish to thank the members of the Local Organizing Committee for making the Institute a success, and the staff of the Com- puterCentreoftheIstitutodiRadioastronomiaforprovidingthecomputer facilities for tutorials and internet connections. The Mayor of Castel San Pietro Terme, the Mayor of Medicina, the Chairman of the ’Pro Loco’ Castel San Pietro Terme, are thanked for their ix

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A masterly survey of the last 13 years of Very Long Baseline Interferometry, reviewed in light of the most advanced astronomical observations. Topics covered include: Nonthermal emission from extragalactic radio sources; Principles of synchrotron emission in relation to astrophysics; Theory of relat
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