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Rock Mechanics: For underground mining PDF

647 Pages·2006·25.477 MB·English
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Rock Mechanics Frontispiece Post-pillarminingina jointed and faulted rock mass at the DolphinMine,KingIsland,Australia (photographbypermissionofKingIs- landScheeliteandCSIRODivisionof Geomechanics). Rock Mechanics for underground mining Third edition B. H. G. Brady EmeritusProfessor,TheUniversityofWesternAustralia,andConsulting Engineer,Montville,Queensland,Australia E. T. Brown EmeritusProfessor,TheUniversityofQueensland,andSeniorConsultant, GolderAssociatesPtyLtd,Brisbane,Australia KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBookISBN: 1-4020-2116-X Print ISBN: 1-4020-2064-3 ©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©1985, 1993, 2004 B.H.G. Brady and E.T. Brown Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook maybe reproducedor transmitted inanyform or byanymeans,electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.springerlink.com and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com Contents Prefacetothethirdedition xi Prefacetothesecondedition xiii Prefacetothefirstedition xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 Rockmechanicsandminingengineering 1 1.1 Generalconcepts 1 1.2 Inherentcomplexitiesinrockmechanics 4 1.3 Undergroundmining 6 1.4 Functionalinteractionsinmineengineering 9 1.5 Implementationofarockmechanicsprogramme 13 2 Stressandinfinitesimalstrain 17 2.1 Problemdefinition 17 2.2 Forceandstress 17 2.3 Stresstransformation 19 2.4 Principalstressesandstressinvariants 23 2.5 Differentialequationsofstaticequilibrium 25 2.6 Planeproblemsandbiaxialstress 26 2.7 Displacementandstrain 29 2.8 Principalstrains 33 2.9 Straincompatibilityequations 34 2.10 Stress-strainrelations 34 2.11 Cylindricalpolarco-ordinates 37 2.12 Geomechanicsconvention 39 2.13 Graphicalrepresentationofbiaxialstress 41 Problems 43 3 Rockmassstructureandcharacterisation 46 3.1 Introduction 46 3.2 Majortypesofstructuralfeatures 47 3.3 Importantgeomechanicalpropertiesofdiscontinuities 51 3.4 Collectingstructuraldata 57 3.5 Presentationofstructuraldata 69 3.6 Thehemisphericalprojection 71 3.7 Rockmassclassification 77 Problems 82 4 Rockstrengthanddeformability 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Conceptsanddefinitions 86 v CONTENTS 4.3 Behaviourofisotropicrockmaterialinuniaxial compression 87 4.4 Behaviourofisotropicrockmaterialinmultiaxial compression 99 4.5 Strengthcriteriaforisotropicrockmaterial 105 4.6 Strengthofanisotropicrockmaterialintriaxialcompression 117 4.7 Shearbehaviourofdiscontinuities 120 4.8 Modelsofdiscontinuitystrengthanddeformation 130 4.9 Behaviourofdiscontinuousrockmasses 133 Problems 139 5 Pre-miningstateofstress 142 5.1 Specificationofthepre-miningstateofstress 142 5.2 Factorsinfluencingtheinsitustateofstress 143 5.3 Methodsofinsitustressdetermination 147 5.4 Presentationofinsitu stressmeasurementresults 156 5.5 Resultsofinsitustressmeasurements 159 Problems 161 6 Methodsofstressanalysis 165 6.1 Analyticalmethodsforminedesign 165 6.2 Principlesofclassicalstressanalysis 166 6.3 Closed-formsolutionsforsimpleexcavationshapes 173 6.4 Computationalmethodsofstressanalysis 178 6.5 Theboundaryelementmethod 179 6.6 Thefiniteelementmethod 183 6.7 Thedistinctelementmethod 189 6.8 Finitedifferencemethodsforcontinuousrock 192 6.9 Linkedcomputationalschemes 195 7 Excavationdesigninmassiveelasticrock 197 7.1 Generalprinciplesofexcavationdesign 197 7.2 Zoneofinfluenceofanexcavation 201 7.3 Effectofplanesofweaknessonelasticstressdistribution 204 7.4 Excavationshapeandboundarystresses 209 7.5 Delineationofzonesofrockfailure 213 7.6 Supportandreinforcementofmassiverock 217 Problems 221 8 Excavationdesigninstratifiedrock 224 8.1 Designfactors 224 8.2 Rockmassresponsetomining 225 8.3 Roofbeddeformationmechanics 227 8.4 Roofdesignprocedureforplanestrain 230 8.5 Roofbeamanalysisforlargeverticaldeflection 235 vi CONTENTS 9 Excavationdesigninblockyrock 242 9.1 Designfactors 242 9.2 Identificationofpotentialblockfailuremodes–BlockTheory 243 9.3 Symmetrictriangularroofprism 255 9.4 Roofstabilityanalysisforatetrahedralblock 261 9.5 Designpracticeinblockyrock 263 9.6 Stopewalldesign–theMathewsstabilitychartmethod 266 10 Energy,minestability,mineseismicityandrockbursts 271 10.1 Mechanicalrelevanceofenergychanges 271 10.2 Miningconsequencesofenergychanges 275 10.3 Energytransmissioninrock 277 10.4 Sphericalcavityinahydrostaticstressfield 285 10.5 Generaldeterminationofreleasedandexcessenergy 289 10.6 Minestabilityandrockbursts 293 10.7 Instabilityduetopillarcrushing 294 10.8 Thintabularexcavations 299 10.9 Instabilityduetofaultslip 301 10.10 Characterisationofseismicevents 304 11 Rocksupportandreinforcement 312 11.1 Terminology 312 11.2 Supportandreinforcementprinciples 313 11.3 Rock–supportinteractionanalysis 317 11.4 Pre-reinforcement 322 11.5 Supportandreinforcementdesign 326 11.6 Materialsandtechniques 338 12 Miningmethodsandmethodselection 347 12.1 Miningexcavations 347 12.2 Rockmassresponsetostopingactivity 349 12.3 Orebodypropertiesinfluencingminingmethod 352 12.4 Undergroundminingmethods 355 12.5 Miningmethodselection 368 13 Pillarsupportedminingmethods 370 13.1 Componentsofasupportedminestructure 370 13.2 Fieldobservationsofpillarperformance 372 13.3 Elementaryanalysisofpillarsupport 375 13.4 Designofastope-and-pillarlayout 384 13.5 Bearingcapacityofroofandfloorrocks 390 13.6 TheElliotLakeroom-and-pillarmines 391 13.7 Stope-and-pillardesigninirregularorebodies 396 13.8 Openstope-and-pillardesignatMountCharlotte 403 vii CONTENTS 13.9 Yieldingpillars 405 Problems 406 14 Artificiallysupportedminingmethods 408 14.1 Techniquesofartificialsupport 408 14.2 Backfillpropertiesandplacement 410 14.3 Designofminebackfill 416 14.4 Cut-and-fillstoping 419 14.5 Backfillapplicationsinopenandbenchstoping 423 14.6 Reinforcementofopenstopewalls 428 15 Longwallandcavingminingmethods 430 15.1 Classificationoflongwallandcavingminingmethods 430 15.2 Longwallmininginhardrock 430 15.3 Longwallcoalmining 440 15.4 Sublevelcaving 453 15.5 Blockcaving 465 Problems 481 16 Mining-inducedsurfacesubsidence 484 16.1 Typesandeffectsofmining-inducedsubsidence 484 16.2 Chimneycaving 486 16.3 Sinkholesincarbonaterocks 495 16.4 Discontinuoussubsidenceassociatedwithcaving methodsofmining 496 16.5 Continuoussubsidenceduetotheminingof tabularorebodies 506 17 Blastingmechanics 518 17.1 Blastingprocessesinundergroundmining 518 17.2 Explosives 518 17.3 Elasticmodelsofexplosive–rockinteraction 521 17.4 Phenomenologyofrockbreakagebyexplosives 522 17.5 Computationalmodelsofblasting 527 17.6 Perimeterblasting 527 17.7 Transientgroundmotion 532 17.8 Dynamicperformanceanddesignofundergroundexcavations 536 17.9 Evaluationofexplosiveandblastperformance 538 18 Monitoringrockmassperformance 543 18.1 Thepurposesandnatureofmonitoringrock massperformance 543 18.2 Monitoringsystems 544 18.3 Examplesofmonitoringrockmassperformance 558 viii CONTENTS AppendixA Basicconstructionsusingthe hemisphericalprojection 568 A.1 Projectionofaline 568 A.2 Projectionofthegreatcircleandpoletoaplane 568 A.3 Determinationofthelineofintersectionoftwoplanes 569 A.4 Determinationoftheanglebetweentwolinesinaplane 570 A.5 Determinationofdipdirectionandtruedip 571 A.6 Rotationaboutaninclinedaxis 572 Appendix B Stresses and displacements induced by point and infinitelineloadsinaninfinite,isotropic,elasticcontinuum 574 B.1 Apointload(theKelvinequations) 574 B.2 Aninfinitelineload 575 AppendixC Calculationsequencesforrock–support interactionanalysis 575 C.1 Scope 575 C.2 Requiredsupportlinecalculations 575 C.3 Availablesupportlinecalculations 577 AppendixD Limitingequilibriumanalysisofprogressive hangingwallcaving 580 D.1 Derivationofequations 580 D.2 Calculationsequence 584 Answerstoproblems 585 References 589 Index 614 ix

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