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Robots,
Androids, and
Animatrons
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Robots,
Androids, and
Animatrons
12 Incredible Projects
You Can Build
John Iovine
Second Edition
McGraw-Hill
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Copyright ©2002, 1998 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except
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TERMSOFUSE
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DOI: 10.1036/0071394540
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Dedication:
To Ellen, my wife;
James, my son; and
AnnaRose, my daughter—
with love
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For more information about this book, click here.
Contents
Introduction xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1 In the beginning 1
Why build robots? 2
Purpose of robots 2
Exploration 3
Industrial robots—going to work 7
Design and prototyping 7
Hazardous duty 8
Maintenance 8
Fire-fighting robots 9
Medical robots 9
Nanotechnology 10
War robots 11
Robot wars 11
Civilian uses for robotic drones 12
Domestic 12
What we haven’t thought of yet—the killer application 12
More uses 13
2 Artificial life and artificial intelligence 15
Artificial intelligence 15
Evolution of consciousness in artificial intelligence 16
Is consciousness life? 17
Artificial life 17
Nanorobotics—are we alive yet? 18
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Copyright 2002, 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.
Alittle history 18
Greater than I 19
The locked cage 19
Biotechnology 20
Neural networks—hype versus reality 20
What are neural networks? 20
What is artificial intelligence? 21
Using neural networks in robots 22
Tiny nets 22
Neural-behavior-based architecture 22
3 Power 23
Photovoltaic cells 23
Building a solar engine 24
Batteries 28
Battery power 28
Battery voltage 29
Primary batteries 29
Secondary batteries 30
In general 33
Building a NiCd battery charger 33
Building a solar-powered battery charger 38
Fuel cells—batteries with a fuel tank 38
If not now, when? 39
4 Movement and drive systems 41
Air muscles 41
Applications 41
How air muscles work 42
Nitinol wire 43
Solenoids 45
Rotary solenoids 46
Stepper motors 47
Stepper motor circuit 48
Servo motors 48
DC motors 54
DC motor H-bridge 55
Pulse-width modulation 57
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5 Sensors 59
Signal conditioning 60
Comparator example 60
Voltage divider 61
Light sensors (sight) 64
Photoresistive 64
Photoresistive light switch 64
Photoresistive neuron 66
Photovoltaic 67
Infrared 67
DTMF IR communication/remote control system 70
DTMF 70
Machine vision 80
Body sense 81
Direction—magnetic fields 82
Testing and calibration 83
Computer interface 83
1525 electronic analog compass 84
GPS 85
Speech recognition 85
Sound and ultrasonics 86
Ultrasonic receiver section 87
Ultrasonic transmitter section 88
Arranging the ultrasonic sensors 90
Touch and pressure 90
Piezoelectric material 91
Switches 92
Bend sensors 92
Heat 93
Pressure sensor 94
Smell 94
Humidity 97
Testing sensors 97
Building a tester robot 97
Improving the tester robot 99
6 Intelligence 101
Microchip’s PIC microcontroller 101
Why use a microcontroller? 102
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