RNA Polymerases and Associated Factors, Part C PDF
Preview RNA Polymerases and Associated Factors, Part C
METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY EDITORS-IN-CHIEF John N. Abelson Melvin I. Simon DIVISIONOFBIOLOGY CALIFORNIAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY PASADENA,CALIFORNIA FOUNDINGEDITORS Sidney P. Colowick and Nathan O. Kaplan Contributors to Volume 370 Articlenumbersareinparenthesesandfollowingthenamesofcontributors. Affiliationslistedarecurrent. Annie-Claude Albert (11), Biology Sukesh R. Bhaumik (38), Department of Department, Washington University in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Louis,Missouri63130 Illinois62901 J.-F.Allemand(49),LaboratoiredePhys- Vladimir Bondarenko (29), Department ique Statistique, CNRS UMR 8550, of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ecole Normale Superiure, 24 rue Lho- Wayne StateUniversitySchoolofMedi- mond,75231Paris,France cine,Detroit,Michigan48201 Jennifer R. Anthony (5), Department of Patricia Bordes (53), Department of Biological Sciences, National College of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin – Science, Technology, and Medicine, Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, SAFB, Imperial College Road, London Wisconsin53706 SW72AZ,UnitedKingdom LarryC.Anthony(16),McArdleLabora- Robert Britton (23), Department of tory of Cancer Research, University of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing, Madison,Wisconsin53706 Michigan48824 Jae-BumBae(7),LaboratoryofMolecular Vladimir Brusic (21), Laboratories for Microbiology, School of Biological Sci- Information Technology, 21, Heng Mui ences, Seoul National University, Seoul KengTerrace,Singapore119613 151-742,Korea Martin Buck (3,53), Department of Bio- Vladimir B. Bajic (21), Laboratories for logical Sciences, Wolfson Laboratories, Information Technology, 21, Heng Mui Imperial College of London, Rm. 313, KengTerrace,Singapore119613 LondonSW72AY,UnitedKingdom Rajiv P. Bandwar (55), Department Richard Burgess (16,17), McArdle Biochemistry, UMDNJ, Robert Wood Laboratory of Cancer Research, Univer- JohnsonMedicalSchool,675HoesLane, sity of Wisconsin, 1400 University Piscataway,NewJersey08854 Avenue,Madison,Wisconsin53706 Peter B. Becker (42), Adolf-Butenandt- Patricia C. Burrows (3), Department of Institut, Molekularbiologie, Ludwig- Biological Sciences, Wolfson Laborator- Maximilians-Universitat, Schillerstrasse ies,ImperialCollegeofLondon,Rm.313, 44,D80336Munchen,Germany LondonSW72AY,UnitedKingdom Veit Bergendahl (17), McArdle Labora- JulioCabrera(1),LaboratoryofMolecu- tory of Cancer Research, University of lar Biology, National Cancer Institute, Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 37, Madison,Wisconsin53706 Rm.5144,Bethesda,Maryland20892 xi xii contributors to volume 370 Wendy Cannon (53), Department of Elena K. Davydova (8), Department of Biological Sciences, National College of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Science, Technology, and Medicine, UniversityofChicago,920E.58thStreet, SAFB, Imperial College Road, London Chicago,Illinois60637 SW72AZ,UnitedKingdom PieterdeHaseth(47),DepartmentofBio- Michael W. Capp (45), Department of chemistry, Case Western Reserve Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 433 University,Cleveland,Ohio44106-4935 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin BorriesDemeler (43), CenterforAnalyt- 53706-1544 icalUltracentrifugationofMacromolecu- Frederic Coin (58), Institut de Genetique larAssemblies,UniversityofTexasHealth ScienceCenter,SanAntonio,Texas et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Dept.ofTranscription,CNRS/INSERM/ Jonathan A. Dodd (10), Department of ULP, B.P. 162, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, BiologicalChemistry,UniversityofCali- C.U.deStrasbourg,France fornia–Irvine,240DMedicalSciencesI, Irvine,California92697-1700 Ronald C. Conaway (59), Dept. of Bio- chemistryandMolecularBiology,Kansas Timothy J. Donohue (5), Department of University Medical Center, Kansas City, Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin – Missouri 66160 Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin53706 Benoit Coulombe (57), Laboratory of GeneTranscription,ClinicalResearchIn- DavidDunlap(32),DIBIT3A3,sanRaf- stitute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue faele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina, West, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, 58,Milan20132,Italy Canada Arik Dvir (59), Department of Biological V. Croquette (49), Laboratoire de Phys- Sciences,OaklandUniversity,Rochester, ique Statistique, CNRS UMR 8550, Michigan48309 Ecole Normale Superiure, 24 rue Lho- Keith Earley (11), Biology Department, mond,75231Paris,France Washington University in St. Louis, One MichaelE.Dahmus(13),SectionofMo- Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 lecularandCellBiology,DivisionofBio- logical Science, University of California, R.H.Ebright(49),HowardHughesMed- Davis, Davis,California95616-5224 ical Institute, Waksman Institute, De- partment of Chemistry, Rutgers SethA.Darst(4),TheRockefellerUniver- University,Piscataway,NewYork08854 sity, 1230 York Avenue, Box 224, New York,NewYork10021 JeanMarcEgly(58),InstitutdeGenetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, DipakDasgupta(50),BiophysicsDivision, Department ofTranscription, CNRS/IN- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 37, SERM/ULP, B.P. 162, 67404 Illkirch BelgachiaRoad,Calcutta 700037,India Cedex,C.U.deStrasbourg,France Margaret A. Daugherty (31), Depart- RobertD.Finn(3),TheWellcomeSanger ment ofBiochemistry, University ofVer- Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome mont College of Medicine, Burlington, Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 Vermont 05405 1SA,UnitedKingdom contributors to volume370 xiii LauraFinzi(32),DipBiol‘‘LuigiGorini,’’ Michael R. Green (36, 38), Program in U Degli Studi Milano, Via Celoria 26, GeneFunctionandExpression, 364Plan- MilanI-20133Italy tation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605-2377 Katherine M. Foley (16), McArdle Lab- oratoryofCancerResearch,Universityof Jack Greenblatt (34), Banting and Best Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, DepartmentofMedicalResearch,Univer- Madison,Wisconsin53706 sity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6,Canada Diane Forget (57), Laboratory of Gene Transcription,ClinicalResearchInstitute CarolA.Gross(18),DepartmentsofSto- of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, matology and Microbiology and Immu- Montreal,QuebecH2W1R7,Canada nalogy, University of California, San Francisco,California94143-0512 Michael G. Fried (31), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tanja M. Gruber (18), Departments of The Pennsylvania State University Col- Stomatology and Microbiology and Im- lege of Medicine, 500 University Drive, munalogy, University of California, San Hershey,Pennsylvania17033 Francisco,California94143-0512 Susan Garges (25), Laboratory of Mo- Mi-Young Hahn (7), Laboratory of lecular Biology, CCR, National Cancer Molecular Microbiology, School of Institute, National Institutes of Health, Biological Sciences, Seoul National Uni- Bldg.37,Rm.5138,Bethesda,Maryland versity,Seoul151-742,Korea 20892 Mitsuhiro Hamada (14), Department of S.Gilfillan(40),GSF-NationalResearch Integrated Biosciences, University of Center for Environment and Health, De- Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan partmentofGeneExpression,Instituteof Molecular Immunology, Marchionini-str. John D. Helmann (2), Department of 25,MunichD-81377,Germany Microbiology,CornellUniversity,Ithaca, NewYork14853 James A. Goodrich (56), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Susanne Hoheisel (34), Department of of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Color- Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of ado80309-0215 BiochemistryandMolecularBiology,401 Barker Hall, Berkeley, Californaia Richard L. Gourse (51), Department of 94720-3202 Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Ying Huang (14), Laboratory of Molecu- Wisconsin53706-1567 larGrowthRegulation,NationalInstitute ofChildHealthandHumanDevelopment, BrentGowen(3),627GowerPointRoad, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Gibson’sLanding,BritishColumbiaV0N Maryland20892-2753 1V8,Canada Diane Imburgio (19), Department of Heather A. Green (5), Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin – Rutgers, The State University of New Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Wisconsin53706 Piscataway,NewJersey08854 xiv contributors to volume 370 DingJunJin(1,15,25,26),Laboratoryof Michael S. Kobor (34), Department of Molecular Biology, National Cancer In- Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of stitute, National Institutes of Health, BiochemistryandMolecularBiology,401 Bldg.37,Rm.5144,Bethesda,Maryland BarkerHall,Berkeley,California94720- 20892 3202 Susan Jones (53), Department of Bio- Natalia Komissarova (12), NCI Center logicalSciences,NationalCollegeofSci- for Cancer Research, National Cancer ence, Technology, and Medicine, SAFB, Institute,FrederickCancerResearchand Imperial College Road, London SW7 DevelopmentCenter,Bldg.539,Rm.222, 2AZ,UnitedKingdom Frederick,Maryland21702 Caroline M. Kane (34), Department of E. Kremmer (40), GSF-National Research Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Center for Environment and Health, De- BiochemistryandMolecularBiology,401 partmentofGeneExpression,Instituteof BarkerHall,Berkeley,California94720- Molecular Immunology, Marchionini-str. 3202 25,MunichD-81377,Germany ChangwonKang(54),DepartmentofBio- Jennifer F. Kugel (56), Department of logical Sciences, Korea Advanced Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Institute of Science and Technology, of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Color- 373-1Guseong-dong,Yuseong-gu,Daejon ado80319-0215 305-701,RepublicofKorea Konstantin Kuznedelov (9), Limnol- Mikhail Kashlev (12), NCI Center for ogical Institute of the Russian Academy Cancer Research, National Cancer Insti- ofSciences,Irkutsk,Russia tute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Bldg. 539, Rm. Lester J. Lambert (43), Laboratory of 222,Frederick,Maryland21702 Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University,NewYork,NewYork10021 Krystyna M. Kazmierczak (8), Depart- mentofMolecularGeneticsandCellBiol- DaleE.A.Lewis(52),LaboratoryofMo- ogy, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th lecular Biology, National Cancer Insti- Street,Chicago,Illinois60637 tute, 37 Convent Drive, Rm. 5138, PatriciaJ.Kiley(27),DepartmentofBio- Bethesda,Maryland20892-4255 molecular Chemistry, University of Wis- PatrickS.Lin(13), SectionofMolecular consin,574MedicalScienceCenter,1300 and Cell Biology, Division of Biological University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin Science, University of California, Davis, 53706 Davis,California95616-5224 Maria L. Kireeva (12), NCI Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Insti- YeV.Liu(29),DepartmentofBiochemis- tute,FrederickCancerResearchandDe- tryandMolecularBiology,WayneState velopment Center, Bldg. 539, Rm. 222, University School of Medicine, Detroit, Frederick,Maryland21702 Michigan48201 Bruno P. Klaholz (3), Institut de Genet- LucynaLubkowska (12),NCI Center for ique et de Biologie Moleulaire et Celle- Cancer Research, National Cancer Insti- laire, Dept. de Biologie et Genomique tute,FrederickCancerResearchandDe- Structurales, 1,rueLaurentFries,67404 velopment Center, Bldg. 539, Rm. 222, Illkirch,France Frederick,Maryland21702 contributors to volume370 xv Betina Macho (35), Institut de Genetique Yoshihiro Nakatani (37), Dana-Farber et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical 1, rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, School,Boston,Maryland02115 Strasbourg,France Giri Narasimhan (22), School of Com- RichardMaraia(14),LaboratoryofMo- puter Science, ECS 389, Florida Inter- lecular Growth Regulation, National national University, Miami, Florida Institute of Child Health and Human 33199 Development, National Institutes of SergeiNechaev(19,53),CMG,University Health,Bethesda,Maryland20892-2753 of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Robert G. Martin (24), Laboratory of Drive,LaJolla,California92093 Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Yur A. Nedialkov (44), Department of InstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 20892-0560 MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing, Shoko Masuda (4), The Rockefeller Uni- Michigan48824-1319 versity,1230YorkAvenue,Box224,New Alexander J. Ninfa (29), Department of York,NewYork10021 Biochemistry, University of Michigan Kalai Mathee (22), Department of Bio- Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan logical Sciences, Florida International 48109-0606 University,Miami,Florida33199 Masayasu Nomura (10), Department of Walter Messer (30), Max-Planck-Insti- BiologicalChemistry,UniversityofCali- tute for Molecular Genitics, D-14195 fornia–Irvine,240DMedicalSciencesI, Berlin,Germany Irvine,California92697-1700 M. Miesterernst (40), GSF-National Re- Michael C. O’Neill (20), Department of search Center for Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Mary- Health, Department of Gene Expression, land, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Institute of Molecular Immunology, Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland Marchionini-str. 25, Munich D-81377, 21250 Germany Vasily Ogryzko (37), Laboratoire Onco- Leonid Minakhin (9), Waksman Institute genese, Differenciation et Transduction ofMicrobiology,Rutgers,TheStateUni- du Signal, CNRS UPR 9079, Institut versityofNewJersey,190Frelinghuysen AndreLwoff,Villejuif,France Road,Piscataway,NewJersey08854 ElenaV.Orlova(3),DepartmentofCrys- Aaron P. Mitchell (41), Department of tallography, Birbeck College, Malet MicrobiologyandInstituteofCancerRe- Street, London WC1E 7HX, United search, Columbia University, 701 West Kingdom 168thStreet,NewYork,NewYork10032 Joo-Hong Park (7), Laboratory of Katsuhiko S. Murakami (4), The Rocke- Molecular Microbiology, School of fellerUniversity,1230YorkAvenue,Box Biological Sciences, Seoul National Uni- 224,NewYork,NewYork10021 versity,Seoul151-742,Korea Heath D. Murray (51), Department of SmitaS.Patel(55),DepartmentBiochem- Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin – istry, UMDNJ, Robert Wood Johnson Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscat- Wisconsin53706-1567 away,NewJersey08854 xvi contributors to volume 370 Erik Pierstorff (34), Department of Lucia B. Rothman-Denes (8), Depart- Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of mentofMolecularGeneticsandCellBiol- BiochemistryandMolecularBiology,401 ogy, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th BarkerHall,Berkeley,California94720- Street,Chicago,Illinois60637 3202 Siddhartha Roy (46, 48), Department of Craig S. Pikaard (11), Biology Depart- Biophysics,BoseInstitute,P-1/12,C.I.T., ment,WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis, SchemeVIIM,Calcutta700054,India OneBrookingsDrive,St.Louis,Missouri Ruth M. Saecker (45), Department of 63130 Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 433 Aparna Raval (33), Experimental Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin Immunology Branch, National Cancer 53706-1544 Institute, National Institutes of Health, JulioSaez-Vasquez(11),BiologyDepart- Bldg.10,Rm.4B36,Bethesda,Maryland ment,WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis, 20892-1360 OneBrookingsDrive,St.Louis,Missouri Pampa Ray (3), Department of Biological 63130 Sciences,WolfsonLaboratories,Imperial Raphael Sandaltzopoulos (42), Depart- College of London, Rm. 313, London ment of Molecular Biology, Democritus SW72AY,UnitedKingdom UniversityofThrace,UniversityHospital M. Thomas Record Jr. (45), Department at Dragana, G-68100 Alexandroupolis, of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Greece 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin PaolaSassone-Corsi(35),InstitutdeGe- 53706-1544 netiqueetdeBiologieMoleculaireetCel- JosephC.Reese(36),DeptartmentofBio- lulaire, 1, Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 chemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn- Illkirch,Strasbourg,France sylvania State University, 203 Althouse Virgil Schirf (43), Center for Analytical Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylva- Ultracentrifugation of Macromolecular nia16802 Assemblies, University of Texas Health John N. Reeve (6), Department of ScienceCenter,SanAntonio,Texas Microbiology, Ohio State University, David A. Schneider (51), Department of Columbus,Ohio43210 Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin – A. Revyakin (49), Howard Hughes Med- Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, icalInstitute,WaksmanInstitute,Depart- Wisconsin53706-1567 ment of Chemistry, Rutgers University, RanjanSen(50),LaboratoryofTranscrip- Piscataway,NewYork08854 tion Biology, Center for DNA Finger- Vikas Rishi (39), Laboratory of Metabol- printing and Diagnosis, ECIL Road, ism, National Cancer Institute, National Nacharam,Hyderabad500076,India InstitutesofHealth,Bldg.37,Rm.2D24, Steve D. Seredick (28), Department of Bethesda,Maryland20892 Microbiology and Immunology, Univer- Jung-HyeRoe(7),LaboratoryofMolecu- sityofBritishColumbia,6174University lar Microbiology, School of Biological Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia Sciences, Seoul National University, V6T123,Canada Seoul151-742,Korea KonstantinSeverinov(9,19,53),Depart- JudahL.Rosner(24),LaboratoryofMo- mentofMolecularBiologyandBiochem- lecular Biology, NIDDK, National Insti- istry, Rutgers, The State University of tutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, 20892-0560 Piscataway,NewJersey08854 contributors to volume370 xvii Mitsuhiro Shimizu (41), Deptartment of Nancy E. Thompson (16), McArdle Lab- Chemistry, Meisei University, Tokyo oratory of Cancer Research, University 191-8506,Japan of Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, Madison,Wisconsin53706 Inkyung Shin (54), Department of Bio- logical Sciences, Korea Advanced Insti- Prasad Tongaonkar (10), Department of tute of Science and Technology, 373-1 BiologicalChemistry,UniversityofCali- Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305- fornia–Irvine,240DMedicalSciencesI, 701,RepublicofKorea Irvine,California92697-1700 DeanD.Shooltz(44),DepartmentofBio- Steven J. Triezenberg (44), Department chemistry and Molecular Biology, Mich- of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, igan State University, East Lansing, MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing, Michigan48824-1319 Michigan48824-1319 Dinah S. Singer (33), Experimental Oleg V. Tsodikov (45), Harvard Medical Immunology Branch, National Cancer School,Boston,Massachusetts02115 Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg.10,Rm.4B36,Bethesda,Maryland Laura Tsujikawa (47), Department of 20892-1360 Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve George B. Spiegelman (28), Department University,Cleveland,Ohio44106-4935 of Microbiology and Immunology, Uni- versityofBritishColumbia,6174Univer- Barb M. Turner (28), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Univer- sity Boulevard, Vancouver, British sityofBritishColumbia,6174University ColumbiaV6T123,Canada Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia G. Stelzer (40), GSF-National Research V6T123,Canada Center for Environment and Health, De- partmentofGeneExpression,Instituteof Marin van Heel (3), Department of Molecular Immunology, Marchionini-str. Biological Sciences, Wolfson Laborator- 25,MunichD-81377,Germany ies,ImperialCollegeofLondon,Rm.313, LondonSW72AY,UnitedKingdom T.R.Strick(49),ColdSpringHarborLab- oratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York Charles Vinson (39), Laboratory of 11724 Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Vasily M. Studitsky (29), Department of National Institutes of Health, Building Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 37, Rm. 2D24, Bethesda, Maryland WayneStateUniversity SchoolofMedi- 20892 cine,Detroit,Michigan48201 Christoph Weigel (30), Max-Planck- MaximV.Sukhodolets(25),Developmen- InstituteforMolecularGenitics,D-14195 tal Genetics Section, Laboratory of Mo- Berlin,Germany lecular Biology, CCR, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Jocelyn D. Weissman (33), Experimental Bldg. 37, Rm. 5138 Bethesda, Maryland Immunology Branch, National Cancer 20892 Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg.10,Rm.4B36,Bethesda,Maryland VictoriaSutton(27),DepartmentofBio- 20892-1360 molecular Chemistry, University of Wis- consin,574MedicalScienceCenter,1300 Joan Weliky Conaway (59), Stowers In- University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin stituteofMedicalResearch,1000E.50th 53706 Street,KansasCity,Missouri64110 xviii contributors to volume 370 Milton H. Werner (43), Laboratory of Wenxue Yang (26), Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller Molecular Biology, National Cancer University,NewYork,NewYork10021 Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg.37,Rm.5144,Bethesda,Maryland Siva R. Wigneshweraraj (53), Depart- 20892 ment of Biological Sciences, National College of Science, Technology, and Huijun Zhi (15, 26), Laboratory of Mo- Medicine,SAFB,ImperialCollegeRoad, lecular Biology, National Cancer Insti- LondonSW72AZ,UnitedKingdom tute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 37,Rm.5144,Bethesda,Maryland20892 YunweiXie(6),DepartmentofMicrobiol- ogy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210 Preface It has been just seven years since Volumes 273 and 274 of Methods in Enzy- mology, which covered RNA polymerase and associated activities, were pub- lished. Since then, there has been an explosion in the amount of information that has come out on RNA polymerase and transcription, driven by the intensificationintechnology.InVolumes370and371,wetrytotakeupwhere Volumes273and274leftoff,butweincludeandemphasizewhatwefeelisan importantaspectofRNApolymerasethatwasonlytouchedonintheprevious volumes. It is quite clear now that RNA polymerase does not act alone. Its associated factors are key in determining initiation, elongation, and termin- ationoccurrences.Therelianceontheassociatedfactorsisoftensogreatthatit is difficult to determine whether a given protein is an RNA polymerase- associatedfactororis,infact,asubunitoftheenzyme. ThechaptersinthesevolumesdescribetheRNApolymeraseenzymesand the associated factors, and their effects on transcription initiation, elongation, andtermination.Thechaptersexposebothprokaryoticandeukaryoticsystems, but they are purposely kept undivided irrespective of the origins of the RNA polymerases. We predict that as more is learned about the prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems of transcription and gene regulation, we will realize how similarlytheybehaveratherthanhowdifferently. Sankar Adhya Susan Garges xix
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