Riverbank Filtration: Improving Source-Water Quality PDF
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RIVERBANK FILTRATION Water Science and Technology Library VOLUME 43 Editor-in-Chief V. P. Singh, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.S.A. Editorial Advisory Board M. Anderson, Bristol, U.K. L. Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden J. F. Cruise, Huntsville, U.S.A. U. C. Kothyari, Roorkee, India S.E. Serrano, Lexington, U.S.A. D. Stephenson, Johannesburg, South Africa W.G. Strupczewski, Warsaw, Poland The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. RIVERBANK FILTRATION Improving Source-Water Quality edited by CHITTARANJAN RAY University of Hawaii at Mãnoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. GINA MELIN National Water Research Institute, Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A. and RONALD B. LINSKY National Water Research Institute, Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW in collaboration with NWRI National Water Research Institute Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A. eBookISBN: 0-306-48154-5 Print ISBN: 1-4020-1133-4 ©2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers NewYork, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook maybe reproducedor transmitted inanyform or byanymeans,electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: http://kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com v Acknowledgements This book is the direct result of the many excellent presentations and ideas brought forward at the International Riverbank Filtration Conference, held by the National Water Research Institute in cooperation with the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Louisville Water Company, and Cincinnati Water Works, in November 1999. The efforts of the following individuals are gratefully acknowledged. Editors Chittaranjan Ray, Ph.D., P.E. University of Hawaii at Mãnoa Honolulu, Hawaii, United States Gina Melin National Water Research Institute Fountain Valley, California, United States Ronald B. Linsky National Water Research Institute Fountain Valley, California, United States Contributors Harish Arora, Ph.D., P.E. O’Brien & Gere Engineers, Inc. Landover, Maryland, United States Kay Ball Louisville Water Company Louisville, Kentucky, United States William P. Ball, Ph.D., P.E. Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, United States Philippe Baveye, Ph.D. Laboratory for Environmental Geophysics Cornell University Ithaca, New York, United States vi Philip Berger, Ph.D. Ijamsville, Maryland, United States Edward J. Bouwer,Ph.D. Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, United States JörgE. Drewes, Ph.D. Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado, United States Rolf Gimbel, Ph.D. IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wasserforschung Institut an der Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany William D. Gollnitz Greater Cincinnati Water Works Cincinnati, Ohio, United States Thomas Grischek, Ph.D. Institute for Water Chemistry Dresden University of Technology Dresden, Germany Alison M. Gusses, M.S. University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio, United States David L. Haas, P.E. Jordan, Jones, and Goulding Atlanta, Georgia, United States Thomas Heberer, Ph.D. Institute of Food Chemistry Technical University of Berlin Berlin, Germany Stephen Hubbs, P.E. Louisville Water Company Louisville, Kentucky, UnitedStates Henry Hunt, CPG Collector Wells International, Inc. Columbus, Ohio, United States ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii Ronald B. Linsky National Water Research Institute Fountain Valley, California, United States Hans-Joachim Mälzer, Ph.D. IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wasserforschung Institut an der Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany Ilkka Miettinen, Ph.D. National Public Health Institute Division of Environmental Health Kuopio, Finland Gina Melin National Water Research Institute FountainValley, California, United States Till Merkel, M.Sc. DVGW Water Technology Center Karlsruhe, Germany Charles O’Melia,Ph.D., P.E. Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, United States Chittaranjan Ray,Ph.D., P.E. University of Hawaii at Mãnoa Honolulu, Hawaii, United States Michael J. Robison, P.E. Jordan, Jones, and Goulding Atlanta, Georgia, United States Traugott Scheytt,Ph.D. Technical University of Berlin Berlin, Germany Jack Schijven,Ph.D. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection Bilthoven, The Netherlands Dagmar Schoenheinz, M.Sc. Institute of Water Chemistry Dresden University of Technology Dresden, Germany viii Jürgen Schubert, M.Sc. Stadtwerke DüsseldorfAG Düsseldorf, Germany Thomas F. Speth, Ph.D., P.E. United States Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio, United States R. Scott Summers, Ph.D. University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, United States Ingrid M. Verstraeten, Ph.D. United States Geological Survey Baltimore, Maryland, United States Jack Wang,Ph.D. Louisville Water Company Louisville, Kentucky, United States W. Joshua Weiss Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, United States Graphic Design Tim Hogan Tim Hogan Graphics Westminster, California, United States Table of Contents RIVERBANK FILTRATION: IMPROVING SOURCE-WATER QUALITY Introduction 1 C. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.,J. Schubert, M.Sc., R.B. Linsky, and G. Melin What is Riverbank Filtration? Historical Significance Unrecognized RBF Plants Similarities Between RBF and Slow Sand Filtration Surface-Water Contaminants of Concern Case Studies of Log Removal Credit in the United States The Value of Applying RBF as a Pretreatment Technology Part I: Systems Chapter 1: Conceptual Design of Riverbank Filtration Systems 19 H. Hunt,CPG, J. Schubert, M.Sc., and C. Ray, Ph.D., P.E. Introduction Well Types and the Suitability of Vertical Versus Horizontal Collector Wells Evolution of the Design of Horizontal Collector Wells Chapter 2: American Experience in Installing Horizontal Collector Wells 29 H. Hunt,CPG Introduction Timeline Historical Progression Collector Well Construction Hydrogeological Investigation/Testing Design and Construction Details Chapter 3: German Experience with Riverbank Filtration Systems 35 J. Schubert, M.Sc. Introduction River Characteristics for Siting RBF Flow Dynamics of Rivers and the River/Aquifer Interaction Field Studies on RBF — Hydraulic Aspects Chapter 4: Riverbank Filtration Construction OptionsConsidered at Louisville, Kentucky 49 S. Hubbs, P.E.,K. Ball, D.L. Haas, P.E., and M.J. Robison, P.E. Introduction Site Conditions Site Hydraulic Characteristics Soft-Soil Tunnel Option Hard-Rock Tunnel Option with Horizontal Collector Wells Hard-Rock Tunnel Option with Vertical Wells Conventional Collector Well Design Construction Cost Estimate Notes Evaluation of Alternatives ix x Chapter 5: Operation and Maintenance Considerations 61 H. Hunt, CPG, J. Schubert,M.Sc., and C. Ray, Ph.D., P.E. Introduction Select Operating Wells in the United States Select Operating Wells in Germany Other Applications Conclusion Part II: Contaminant Removal Chapter 6: Removal of Pathogens, Surrogates, Indicators, and Toxins Using Riverbank Filtration 73 J. Schijven,Ph.D., P. Berger, Ph.D., and I. Miettinen, Ph.D. Introduction Why RBF for Microbial Pathogens? Pathogen Occurrence in Surface Water Health Effects Outbreaks Related to the Use of Riverbank-Filtered Drinking Water Required Treatment of Surface Water for Drinking-Water Production in the United States, Finland, and The Netherlands: Implications for RBF Treatment Hydrology and Hydrogeology Microorganism Removal by RBF: Processes Surrogate Microorganisms and Other Indicators Removal by RBF and Artificial Infiltration Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Conclusions Chapter 7: Riverbank Filtration Case Study at Louisville, Kentucky 117 J. Wang, Ph.D. Introduction Previous Studies Conducted at Louisville, Kentucky Description of the RBF Facility Determination of Water Time Travel and Groundwater Dilution NOM and Disinfection Byproduct Precursor Removal Removal of Microbial Contaminants Summary Chapter 8: Reduction in Disinfection Byproduct Precursors and Pathogens During Riverbank Filtration at Three Midwestern United States Drinking-Water Utilities 147 W.J. Weiss, E.J. Bouwer, Ph.D., W.P. Ball, Ph.D., P.E., C.R.O’Melia, Ph.D., P.E., H. Arora, Ph.D., P.E., and T.F. Speth, Ph.D., P.E. Introduction Site Descriptions Inorganic Monitoring Microbial Monitoring Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potential Testing Simulated Conventional Treatment Uniform Formation Conditions Testing Risk Calculations for Disinfection Byproduct Formation Data Conclusions
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