River Basin Management PDF
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Ecohydrology Series Editors: Chunmiao Zheng Guodong Cheng · Bojie Fu Xiangzheng Deng John Gibson Editors River Basin Management Ecohydrology SeriesEditors ChunmiaoZheng SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering SouthernUniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina Shenzhen,China GuodongCheng ColdandAridRegionsEnvironmentaland EngineeringResearchInstitute ChineseAcademyofSciences Lanzhou,Gansu,China BojieFu ResearchCenterforEco-EnvironmentalSciences ChineseAcademyofSciences Beijing,China Ecohydrology is an interdisciplinary field studying the interactions between water and ecosystemsand utilizing that for enhancing environmental sustainability. With the growing concerns about nature conservation with increasing human activity/ urbangrowth,thereisadramaticincreaseinresearchactivitiesstudyingthechanges in our ecosystems and related impacts. Apart from the geosciences point of view, thesestudiesalsocomefromfundamentalscientificfieldslikephysics,biology,and chemistry, as well as from engineering and social perspectives. The planned hand- book consists of five individual volumes aiming to provide a comprehensive over- viewofthestateoftheartofcurrentecohydrologicalstudies:fundamentalconcepts, practical monitoring methods, modeling studies, as well as special topics in water- limited environments. Each volume is edited by well-known expert(s) in the field, bringing in international authors for each chapter. The book is structured in a way that is appropriate for advanced graduate students and professionals in diverse scientificandengineeringcommunitiesdevotedtorelevantfields,includinggeosci- ence, chemistry biochemistry, and biology, as well as various engineering disci- plines. Although the handbook is planned to be published in series, each volume provides a self-contained description of its topic, with a standard and consistent formatacrosseachvolume:Vol.1,WaterandEcosystems;Vol.2,Observationand Measurement of Ecohydrological Processes; Vol. 3, Water-Limited Environments; Vol.4,IntegratedEcohydrologicalModeling;andVol.5,RiverBasinManagement. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13407 (cid:129) Xiangzheng Deng John Gibson Editors River Basin Management With97Figuresand77Tables Editors XiangzhengDeng JohnGibson InstituteofGeographicSciencesand DepartmentofEconomics NaturalResourcesResearch WaikatoManagementSchool ChineseAcademyofSciences TheUniversityofWaikato Beijing,China Hamilton,Waikato,NewZealand ISSN2522-8242 ISSN2522-8250(electronic) ISBN978-981-10-6948-2 ISBN978-981-10-6949-9(eBook) ISBN978-981-10-6950-5(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6949-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018943894 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Series Preface In the broadest sense, ecohydrology is an interdisciplinary field studying the inter- actionsbetweenwaterandlife.Withthegrowingconcernsaboutnatureconservation andenvironmentalsustainabilityunderintensifyingglobalchangeandhumanactiv- ities, there has been a dramatic increase in research activities studying the ecohydrological processes and how they shape and impact the ecosystems we live in.Apartfromthegeosciencespointofview,thesestudiesalsoinvolvefundamental scientific fields like physics, biology, and chemistry, as well as engineering and socialperspectives. Thehandbookhasbeenplannedtoconsistoffiveindividualvolumesaimingto provide a comprehensive overview about the state of the art of contemporary ecohydrological studies: fundamental concepts and theories, field observation and monitoringmethods,integratedecohydrologicalmodeling,riverbasinmanagement, and special topics in water-limited environments. Each volume is edited by well- knownexpertsinthefield,bringingininternationalauthorsforeachchapter. Individualvolumesareintendedtoincludespecifictopics,suchasinteractionsand feedbacks between ecological and hydrologic processes under different vegetation types and landscape patterns, soil seasonal freezing/thawing processes and their ecohydrologicaleffects,groundwater-surfacewaterinteractionsandtheircontrolling factors, mechanisms of water utilization and transpiration by vegetation canopies acrossmultiplescales,systemcomplexityandscalingofcoupledecological-hydro- logic processes, integrating ecohydrological models with economic models for decision support, field observatories to support integrated ecohydrological studies, assessmentofecosystemservicesanddevelopmentofdecision-makingframeworks, andbasin-scalebiogeochemicalprocessesandwaterqualityissues. Thebookisstructuredinawaythatisappropriateforadvancedgraduatestudents and professionals in diverse scientific and engineering communities devoted to relevant fields, including geoscience, hydrology and water resources management, biogeochemistry,andbiology,aswellasvariousengineeringdisciplines.Although the handbook is planned to be published in series, each volume provides a self- containeddescriptionofitstopic,withastandardandconsistentformatacrosseach volume. It is noteworthy that the motivation for this handbook stems from a large ecohydrological research program sponsored by the National Natural Science v vi SeriesPreface Foundation of China (NSFC) from 2010 to 2018. The research program, titled “An Integrative Study of Ecological and Hydrologic Processes in the Heihe River Basin,”utilizesawell-instrumentedinlandriverbasininNorthwestChinatoexplore fundamentalecohydrologicalprocessesacrossmultiplespatiotemporalscalesandto developsustainablewatermanagementandecosystempreservationstrategies.Many ofthechaptersinthehandbookdrawfromthedata,findings,andperspectivesofthe HeiheProgram.WegratefullyacknowledgethefinancialsupportbytheNSFC. ChunmiaoZheng GuodongCheng BojieFu SeriesEditors Volume Preface There is a crucial need to achieve a more sustainable management of the world’s water resources. Major areas of the world already face problems of water scarcity, andfartoomanyriversandlakesarepolluted.Thisglobalpriorityisreflectedinthe UnitedNations’SustainableDevelopmentGoals: By2030,substantiallyincreasewater-useefficiencyacrossallsectorsandensuresustainable withdrawalsandsupplyoffreshwatertoaddresswaterscarcityandsubstantiallyreducethe numberofpeoplesufferingfromwaterscarcity(SDG6.4) TheseissuesareespeciallypertinentinChina,whosepercapitawaterresources are only one-quarter of the world average. The stress on freshwater resources in Chinawillonlyintensifyduetothecompetingdemandsofagriculture,urbanization, andindustrialization. Thereisanespeciallylargeneedforimprovedwatermanagementwithininland basins, which cover about one-tenth of the world’s land area. The trans-basin movement of water faces major environmental and engineering challenges and remains controversial, and so improved management of water within basins offers more feasible options toenhance theefficiency ofwater use.Many ofthesebasins are in arid environments, and so the pressingeconomic and ecological concern for these areas is: How do we make sure that water is allocated properly across competinguses? In light of the importance of the water management issue for river basins, we considered it important to edit a book that presents new research drawing on agricultural, economic, environmental, geographic, and governance perspectives. MuchoftheevidenceinthisbookisfromtheHeiheRiverBasin,whichisthesecond largestinlandriverbasininChina.Itislocatedinthearidandsemi-aridregionsof northwest China, extending over the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia. While this evidence comes from a specific area, the application of integrated economic and environmental modeling that is presented in various chapters can usefully be applied to river basin management elsewhere. Indeed, the international collaborationofresearchersevidentinthesechaptersisatestamenttotheworldwide interestinfreshwatermanagementissues. vii viii VolumePreface The editors are extremely grateful to the contributors of all chapters for their unflaggingeffortstobringthisprojecttocompletion.WeareindebtedtotheSpringer editorial office and publishing team for keeping the project on track. We hope that readerswillfindthebookinformativeandthatinsightstheycangainfromthebook canhelptoimprovethesustainablemanagementofwater. February2019 XiangzhengDeng JohnGibson Editors Acknowledgments This work was financially supported by the major research plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91325302), the National Natural Science Funds of China for Distinguished Young Scholar (Grant No. 71225005), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0602500). We wouldalso like tothank ourproject team who should bethemostknowledgeablefortheirunwaveringsupportthroughouttheproduction oftheseresults.Withouttheircontribution,thisworkwouldneverbepublished. Finally,wearegratefultotheSpringerstafffortheirlastingenthusiasmtohelpus produce this work. We are grateful to all the authors of the numerous books and research publications mentioned in the list of references at the end of this work. Thisvaluableliteratureformedthefoundationofthiswork.Weexpressourgratitude to those researchers and organizations for their contributions that reinforced our knowledge. ix
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