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Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book, at expertconsult.inkling.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means. 2020_PC Rich’s Vascular Trauma This page intentionally left blank Rich’s Vascular Trauma FOURTH EDITION Todd E. Rasmussen, MD, FACS Colonel (Ret.) USAF MC Professor of Surgery and Senior Associate Consultant Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota Nigel R.M. Tai, MB, BS, MS, FRCS Colonel, Late RAMC Consultant Trauma & Vascular Surgeon Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (Research & Clinical Innovation) HQ Defence Medical Services Birmingham, United Kingdom; Vascular Clinical Lead Barts Health NHS Trust London, United Kingdom Elsevier 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 RICH’S VASCULAR TRAUMA, FOURTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-69766-8 Copyright © 2022, by Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 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Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging Number: 2021942088 Content Strategist: Jessica L. McCool Content Development Specialist: Kevin Travers Content Development Manager: Meghan B. Andress Publishing Services Manager: Shereen Jameel Senior Project Manager: Umarani Natarajan Design Direction: Margaret Reid Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 List o f C on tributors Christopher Aylwin, MBBS, MA, FRCS Ravi Chauhan, FRCA, FCAI, MBChB, Dip IMC, RCSEd Consultant Vascular and Trauma Surgeon Intensive Care and Anaesthesia Consultant Major Trauma Centre Intensive Care Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Royal Centre of Defence Medicine London, United Kingdom Birmingham, United Kingdom Ed B.G. Barnard, BM, BS, BMedSci(Hons), PhD, FRCEM, Kenneth J. Cherry, MD FIMC, RCSEd Edwin P. Lehman Professor of Surgery Senior Lecturer Emeritus University of Virginia Medical Center Academic Department of Military Emergency Medicine Charlottesville, Virginia; Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (Research & Clinical Consultant, Sentara Vascular Specialists Sentara Innovation) Norfolk General Hospital Eastern Virginia Medical Birmingham, United Kingdom; School Honorary Consultant in Emergency Medicine Norfolk, Virginia Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge, United Kingdom Kevin K. Chung, MD Professor and Chair Andriy I. Batchinsky Department of Medicine Director, Autonomous Reanimation and Evacuation Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Program Bethesda, Maryland Brooks City Base San Antonio, Texas; Ian D. Civil, MBChB, FRACS, FACS Senior Principal Investigator Director of Trauma Services The Geneva Foundation Auckland City Hospital Tacoma, Washington; Auckland, New Zealand Manager, Extracorporeal Life Support Capability Area U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Jon Clasper, CBE, DSc, DPhil, DM, LLM, Battlefield Health and Trauma Research Institute FRCSEd(Orth) Fort Sam Houston, Texas Professor Emeritus & Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon Kenneth Boffard, MB, BCh, FRCS, FRCS(Edin), Visiting Professor in Bioengineering FRCPS(Glas), FCS(SA), FACS Imperial College London; Professor Emeritus Clinical Lead Department of Surgery The Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies University of the Witwatersrand London, United Kingdom Johannesburg, South Africa; Professor and Academic Head William Darrin Clouse, MD Trauma and Critical Care Professor of Surgery Milpark Academic Trauma Centre Chief, Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery Johannesburg, South Africa University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia Jeremy W. Cannon, MD Associate Professor of Surgery Lazar B. Davidovic, MD, PhD, FETCS Department of Surgery Head of the Clinic Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Pennsylvania Clinical Center of Serbia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Belgrade, Serbia; Adjunct Associate Professor of Surgery Full Professor of Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences University of Belgrade Bethesda, Maryland Belgrade, Serbia v vi List o f C on tributors David L. Dawson, MD Elon Glassberg, MD, MHA, MBA Clinical Professor Medical Corps Israeli Defense Forces Texas A&M University Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Medicine Temple, Texas; Safed Vascular Surgeon Israel Baylor Scott & White Health The Uniformed Services University of the Health Temple, Texas Sciences Bethesda, Maryland Demetrios Demetriades, MD, PhD, FACS Peter Gogalniceanu, MEd, FRCS Professor of Surgery University of Southern California Senior Surgical Registrar Los Angeles, California Departments of Trauma and Vascular Surgery The Royal London Hospital London, United Kingdom Joseph J. Dubose, MD, Col, MC, USAF Professor of Surgery Matthew A. Goldshore University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Surgery Baltimore, Maryland; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Director, C-STARS Pennsylvania R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Eitan Heldenberg, MD Head Department of Vascular Surgery Philip M. Edmundson, MD Hillel Yaffe Medical Center Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery Hadera, Israel UT Health San Antonio San Antonio, Texas Joseph A. Herrold, MD, MPH Assistant Professor Timothy Fabian, MD R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center Professor Emeritus Baltimore, Maryland University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee Shehan Hettiaratchy, MA, DM, FRCS(Plast) Lead Surgeon David V. Feliciano, MD Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Clinical Professor St Mary’s Hospital Department of Surgery London, United Kingdom University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland; Tal M. Hörer, MD, PhD Attending Surgeon Shock Trauma Center Associate Professor Surgery University of Maryland Medical Center Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Baltimore, Maryland Surgery Örebro University Hospital and Univeristy Faculty of Life Sceince Charles James Fox, MD Örebro, Sweden Associate Professor of Surgery Baltimore Shock Trauma Center Division of Vascular Kenji Inaba, MD, FACS Surgery Professor of Surgery University of Maryland School of Medicine University of Southern California Baltimore, Maryland Los Angeles, California Michaela Gaffley, MD Robert H. James, BSc, FRCEM, FIMC, RCSEd, RAF General Surgery Resident Consultant in Emergency Medicine & Pre-hospital Wake Forest University School of Medicine Emergency Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, United States JHG(SW), University Hospitals Plymouth & Devon Air Ambulance; Shaun M. Gifford, MD, MS, RPVI Honorary Lecturer in Military Emergency Medicine and Chief, Vascular Surgery Pre-hospital David Grant Medical Center Retrieval and Transfer Medicine Travis Air Force Base Royal Centre for Defence Medicine & University of Plymouth California Devon, United Kingdom List o f C on tributors vii Jan O. Jansen, MBBS, PhD Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Center for Injury Sciences, Department of Surgery Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Clinical Center of Serbia Birmingham, Alabama Belgrade, Serbia Donald H. Jenkins, MD Ernest E. Moore, MD Professor of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Emergency Distinguished Professor and Vice Chair Surgery for Research UT Health San Antonio University of Colorado Denver San Antonio, Texas; Denver, Colorado; Betty and Bob Kelso Distinguished Chair in Burn and Director of Research Trauma Surgery Surgery Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery Ernest E Moore Trauma Shock Center Associate Deputy Director, Military Health Institute Denver, Colorado Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery UT Health San Antonio Laura J. Moore, MD San Antonio, Texas Professor of Surgery & Chief of Surgical Critical Care Michael Jenkins, BSc, MS, FRCS, FRCS, FEBVS The University of Texas McGovern Consultant Vascular Surgeon Medical School Regional Vascular Unit Houston, Texas; Imperial College Medical Director Healthcare NHS Trust Shock Trauma Intensive Care Unit London, United Kingdom The Red Duke Trauma Institute Memorial Hermann Hospital—Texas Medical David S. Kauvar, MD, MPH Center Vascular Surgery Service Houston, Texas Brooke Army Medical Center Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Jonathan J. Morrison, PhD, FRCS, FEBVS, FACS Associate Professor Assistant Professor and Chief of Endovascular Department of Surgery Surgery Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Bethesda, Maryland University of Maryland Alexander Kersey, MD Baltimore, Maryland General Surgery Resident Sanjeewa Heman Munasinghe, RWP, RSP,VSV, USP, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center MBBS, MD, FSLCR Bethesda, Maryland Secretary to the Ministry of Health and Indigenous Alexis Lauria, MD Medical Services General Surgery Resident Colombo, Sri Lanka; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Consultant Radiologist Bethesda, Maryland Army Hospital Colombo, Sri Lanka Gregory A. Magee, MD, MSc Rossi Murilo, superior, mestrado Assistant Professor of Surgery Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery University of Valença School of Medicine University of Southern California Valença–UNIFAA Los Angeles, California Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Director Executive of FES James E. Manning, MD State Health Foundation Professor of Emergency Medicine (Ret.) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Emergency Medicine Master’s University of North Carolina Vascular Surgery UFRJ (Federal University of Rio de Chapel Hill, North Carolina Janeiro) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Miroslav Markovic, MD, PhD, FETCS, FIUA Professor of Surgery David M. Nott Faculty of Medicine Consultant Vascular and Trauma Surgeon University of Belgrade Regional Vascular Unit and Major Trauma Centre Belgrade, Serbia; Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust Vascular Surgeon London, United Kingdom viii List o f C on tributors Carlos A. Ordoñez, MD, FACS Assistant Professor Chief, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Department of Polytrauma Fundación Valle del Lili Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine Cali, Colombia; Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation Professor of Surgery, Trauma and Critical Care Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Fellowship Norman Minner Rich, MD, DMCC Universidad del Valle Professor Emeritus in Surgery Cali, Colombia USU Walter Reed Surgery Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Allan Pang, MBChB, FRCA Bethesda, Maryland Academic Department Military Anaesthesia and Critical Care Igor M. Samokhvalov, MD, PhD, Prof., Colonel MC (Ret) Royal Centre for Defence Medicine Deputy Chief Surgeon of the Russian Army Birmingham, United Kingdom; Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation Specialist Anaesthesia Trainee Moscow, Russian Federation; Anaesthestic Department Professor and Chair James Cook University Hospital Department and Clinic of War Surgery Middlesbrough, United Kingdom Kirov Military Medical Academy Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation; Michael W. Parra, MD Senior Scientific Researcher Trauma Research Director Department of Polytrauma Trauma-Critical Care Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine Broward Health Level I Trauma Center Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation Fort Lauderdale, Florida James B. Sampson, MD Douglas M. Pokorny, MD Colonel USAF MC Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery Air Force Medical Readiness Agency UT Health San Antonio San Antonio, Texas San Antonio, Texas Stephanie Savage, MD, MS Rina Porta, MD, PhD Professor of Surgery Vascular Interventionist Radiology Department of Surgery Vascular Surgery University of Wisconsin Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Madison, Wisconsin Clínicas Hospital—School of Medicine University of São Paulo—FMUSP São Paulo, Brazil Thomas M. Scalea, MD, FACS Francis X. Kelly Professor of Trauma Brandon W. Propper, MD Surgery, Director of Program in Trauma, Vascular Surgery Program Director Physician-in-Chief Walter Reed National Military Medical Center The University of Maryland School of Medicine Associate Professor of Surgery R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center Uniformed Services University Baltimore, Maryland Bethesda, Maryland David Schechtman, MD Amila Sanjiva Ratnayake, MBBS, MS General Surgery Resident Consultant General Surgeon Department of General Surgery Military Hospital Brooke Army Medical Center Colombo, Sri Lanka; San Antonio, Texas; Adjunct Associate Professor Teaching Fellow Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Department of Surgery Bethesda, Maryland Uniformed Services University Bethesda, Maryland Viktor A. Reva, MD, PhD Assistant Professor Daniel J. Scott, MD, RPVI Department of War Surgery Deputy Chief, Vascular Surgery Kirov Military Medical Academy San Antonio Military Medical Center Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation; Texas