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Rice Insects: Management Strategies PDF

352 Pages·1991·10.179 MB·English
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Springer Series in Experimental Entomology Thomas A. Miller, Editor Springer Series in Experimental Entomology Editor: T.A Miller Insect Neurophysiological Techniques By T A. Miller Neuroanatomical Techniques Edited by NJ. Strausfeld and T A. Miller Sampling Methods in Soybean Entomology Edited by M. Kogan and D. Herzog Neurohormonal Techniques in Insects Edited by T A. Miller Cuticle Techniques in Arthropods Edited by T A. Miller Functional Neuroanatomy Edited by NJ. Strausfeld Techniques in Pheromone Research Edited by H.E. Hummel and T A. Miller Measurement of Ion Transport and Metabolic Rate in Insects Edited by T J. Bradley and T A. Miller Neurochemical Techniques in Insect Research Edited by H. Breer and T A. Miller Methods for the Study of Pest Diabrotica Edited by J .L. Krysan and T A. Miller Insect-Plant Interactions Edited by J.R. Miller and T A. Miller Immunological Techniques in Insect Biology Edited by L.I. Gilbert and T A. Miller Heliothis: Research Methods and Prospects Edited by M.P. Zalucki Rice Insects: Management Strategies Edited by EA. Heinrichs and T A. Miller E.A. Heinrichs T.A. Miller Editors Rice Insects: Management Strategies With Contributions by P. Caballero I.A. Cheng A.G. Cook T.P. Croughan A.A. Grigarick K.L. Heong 1. Holt Z.R. Khan R. Kisimoto I.A. Litsinger c.L. Meek G.A. Norton I.K. Olson P.A.C. Ooi F. Palis P.L. Ping ali I.F. Robinson B.M. Shepard C.M. Smith H. Sugie S. Tatsuki D.R. Wareing M.O. Way With 57 Illustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona E.A. Heinrichs T.A. Miller Professor and Head Professor of Entomology Department of Entomology Department of Entomology Louisiana State University University of California Baton Rouge, LA 70807-1710 Riverside, CA 92521 USA USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heinrichs, E.A. Rice insects: management strategies / E.A. Heinrichs, T.A. Miller. p. cm.-(Springer series in experimental entomology) Includes index. 1. Rice-Diseases and pests. 2. Rice-Diseases and pests Control. 3. Rice-Diseases and pests-Research. I. Miller, Thomas A. II. Title. III. Series. SB608.R5H45 1991 633.1'897-dc20 90-25014 Printed on acid-free paper. © 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter de veloped is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Typeset by Asco Trade Typesetting Limited, Hong Kong. 987654321 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-7805-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-3124-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3124-0 Series Preface Insects as a group occupy a middle ground in the biosphere between bac teria and viruses at one extreme, amphibians and mammals at the other. The size and general nature of insects present special problems to the study of entomology. For example, many commercially available instruments are geared to measure in grams, while the forces commonly encountered in studying insects are in the milligram range. Therefore, techniques de veloped in the study of insects or in those fields concerned with the control of insect pests are often unique. Methods for measuring things are common to all sciences. Advances sometimes depend more on how something was done than on what was measured; indeed a given field often progresses from one technique to another as new methods are discovered, developed, and modified. Just as often, some of these techniques find their way into the classroom when the problems involved have been sufficiently ironed out to permit students to master the manipulations in a few laboratory periods. Many specialized techniques are confined to one specific research laboratory. Although methods may be considered commonplace where they are used, in another context even the simplest procedures may save considerable time. It is the purpose ofthis series (1) to report new develop ments in methodology, (2) to reveal sources of groups who have dealt with and solved particular entomological problems, and (3) to describe experi ments which may be applicable for use in biology laboratory courses. THOMAS A. MILLER Series Editor v Preface Rice is one of the world's most important food crops. It is a staple food for more than two billion people in Asia, the world's most densely populated region, and for hundreds of millions of people in Africa and Latin Amer ica. Because of the large number of people that depend on rice for their sustenance, annual production must increase by five million tons a year just to keep pace with population growth. In addition, rice consumption is in creasing in developed countries. Insect pests are one of the major constraints that limit rice production. Insects attack rice from the seedling stage to maturity and feed on all parts of the plant-the roots, stems, leaves, and grain. Insect damage decreases the yield and lowers grain quality. The flooded condition of irrigated and rain-fed lowland rice fields provides an ideal aquatic habitat for mosquitoes which are at once an annoyance and serious vectors of human diseases. Thus rice entomology is a major component of most rice research pro grams. Major emphasis in the past has been placed upon insecticides in rice insect management programs. Because the use of insecticides is costly, dangerous to workers, can disrupt the agroecosystem, can contaminate unintentionally and encourages pest insects to develop resistance, there is much interest in development of alternative tactics for rice insect manage ment. It is our earnest desire that this book will contribute to the development of more effective insect management strategies in rice and thus increase the quality and quantity of rice to satiate an ever increasing demand. vii viii Preface We thank Danny Nelson and Debbie Woolf of the Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University for their assistance in typing the manuscript. E.A. Heinrichs T.A. Miller Contents Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Preface ............................................................ VII Contributors ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl 1. Crop Loss Assessment in Rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 J .A. LITSINGER 2. Economic Thresholds and Injury Levels for Insect Pests of Rice. . 67 M.O. WAY, A.A. GRIGARICK, J.A. LITSINGER, F. PALlS, and P.L. PINGALI 3. Determination of Riceland Mosquito Population Dynamics ..... 107 C.L. MEEKandJ.K. OLSON 4. Rice Insect Pheromone Identification and Utilization in Monitoring .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141 S. TATSUKI and H. SUGIE 5. Long Distance Migration of Rice Insects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 167 R. KISIMOTO 6. Techniques for Evaluating Predators and Parasitoids in Rice .... 197 B.M. SHEPARD and P.A.C. 001 7. Methods to Evaluate the Variability of Rice Leafhopper and Planthopper Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215 A.G. COOK ix x Contents 8. Techniques and Methods to Evaluate the Chemical Bases of Insect Resistance in the Rice Plant ............................. 235 C.M. SMITH, Z.R. KHAN, and P. CABALLERO 9. Application of Tissue Culture Techniques to the Development of Insect Resistant Rice .......................... 275 T.P. CROUGHAN andJ.F. ROBINSON to. Systems Analysis and Rice Pest Management ........... ;....... 287 G.A. NORTON, J. HOLT, K.L. HEONG, J.A. CHENG, and D.R. WAREING Index ............................................................. 323 Contributors P. CABALLERO Department of Cereal Chemistry, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines J.A. CHENG Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China A.G. COOK Natural Resources Institute, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK T.P. CROUGHAN Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University, Agricultural Center, Crowley, Louisiana 70527-1429, USA A.A. GRIGARICK Department of Entomology, University of California-Davis, Davis, Cali fornia 95616, USA K.L. HEONG International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines J. HOLT Natural Resources Institute, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK Z.R. KHAN International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya, Collaborative Project with the International Rice Research Institute, Man ila, Philippines xi

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