Rice Insects: Management Strategies

352 Pages·1991·10.179 MB·English

by  James A. Litsinger (auth.), E. A. Heinrichs, T. A. Miller (eds.)

Springer Series in
Experimental Entomology
Thomas A. Miller, Editor
Springer Series in Experimental Entomology
Editor: T.A Miller
Insect Neurophysiological Techniques
By T A. Miller
Neuroanatomical Techniques
Edited by NJ. Strausfeld and T A. Miller
Sampling Methods in Soybean Entomology
Edited by M. Kogan and D. Herzog
Neurohormonal Techniques in Insects
Edited by T A. Miller
Cuticle Techniques in Arthropods
Edited by T A. Miller
Functional Neuroanatomy
Edited by NJ. Strausfeld
Techniques in Pheromone Research
Edited by H.E. Hummel and T A. Miller
Measurement of Ion Transport and Metabolic Rate in Insects
Edited by T J. Bradley and T A. Miller
Neurochemical Techniques in Insect Research
Edited by H. Breer and T A. Miller
Methods for the Study of Pest Diabrotica
Edited by J .L. Krysan and T A. Miller
Insect-Plant Interactions
Edited by J.R. Miller and T A. Miller
Immunological Techniques in Insect Biology
Edited by L.I. Gilbert and T A. Miller
Heliothis: Research Methods and Prospects
Edited by M.P. Zalucki
Rice Insects: Management Strategies
Edited by EA. Heinrichs and T A. Miller
E.A. Heinrichs T.A. Miller
Editors
Rice Insects:
Management Strategies
With Contributions by
P. Caballero I.A. Cheng A.G. Cook T.P. Croughan
A.A. Grigarick K.L. Heong 1. Holt Z.R. Khan
R. Kisimoto I.A. Litsinger c.L. Meek G.A. Norton
I.K. Olson P.A.C. Ooi F. Palis P.L. Ping ali
I.F. Robinson B.M. Shepard C.M. Smith H. Sugie
S. Tatsuki D.R. Wareing M.O. Way
With 57 Illustrations
Springer-Verlag
New York Berlin Heidelberg London
Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona
E.A. Heinrichs T.A. Miller
Professor and Head Professor of Entomology
Department of Entomology Department of Entomology
Louisiana State University University of California
Baton Rouge, LA 70807-1710 Riverside, CA 92521
USA USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Heinrichs, E.A.
Rice insects: management strategies / E.A. Heinrichs, T.A.
Miller.
p. cm.-(Springer series in experimental entomology)
Includes index.
1. Rice-Diseases and pests. 2. Rice-Diseases and pests
Control. 3. Rice-Diseases and pests-Research. I. Miller,
Thomas A. II. Title. III. Series.
SB608.R5H45 1991
633.1'897-dc20 90-25014
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the
written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New
York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly
analysis. Use in connection with any form of information and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter de
veloped is forbidden.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even
if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as
understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely
by anyone.
Typeset by Asco Trade Typesetting Limited, Hong Kong.
987654321
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-7805-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-3124-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3124-0
Series Preface
Insects as a group occupy a middle ground in the biosphere between bac
teria and viruses at one extreme, amphibians and mammals at the other.
The size and general nature of insects present special problems to the study
of entomology. For example, many commercially available instruments are
geared to measure in grams, while the forces commonly encountered in
studying insects are in the milligram range. Therefore, techniques de
veloped in the study of insects or in those fields concerned with the control
of insect pests are often unique.
Methods for measuring things are common to all sciences. Advances
sometimes depend more on how something was done than on what was
measured; indeed a given field often progresses from one technique to
another as new methods are discovered, developed, and modified. Just as
often, some of these techniques find their way into the classroom when the
problems involved have been sufficiently ironed out to permit students to
master the manipulations in a few laboratory periods.
Many specialized techniques are confined to one specific research
laboratory. Although methods may be considered commonplace where
they are used, in another context even the simplest procedures may save
considerable time. It is the purpose ofthis series (1) to report new develop
ments in methodology, (2) to reveal sources of groups who have dealt with
and solved particular entomological problems, and (3) to describe experi
ments which may be applicable for use in biology laboratory courses.
THOMAS A. MILLER
Series Editor
v
Preface
Rice is one of the world's most important food crops. It is a staple food for
more than two billion people in Asia, the world's most densely populated
region, and for hundreds of millions of people in Africa and Latin Amer
ica. Because of the large number of people that depend on rice for their
sustenance, annual production must increase by five million tons a year just
to keep pace with population growth. In addition, rice consumption is in
creasing in developed countries.
Insect pests are one of the major constraints that limit rice production.
Insects attack rice from the seedling stage to maturity and feed on all parts
of the plant-the roots, stems, leaves, and grain. Insect damage decreases
the yield and lowers grain quality. The flooded condition of irrigated and
rain-fed lowland rice fields provides an ideal aquatic habitat for mosquitoes
which are at once an annoyance and serious vectors of human diseases.
Thus rice entomology is a major component of most rice research pro
grams.
Major emphasis in the past has been placed upon insecticides in rice
insect management programs. Because the use of insecticides is costly,
dangerous to workers, can disrupt the agroecosystem, can contaminate
unintentionally and encourages pest insects to develop resistance, there is
much interest in development of alternative tactics for rice insect manage
ment.
It is our earnest desire that this book will contribute to the development
of more effective insect management strategies in rice and thus increase the
quality and quantity of rice to satiate an ever increasing demand.
vii
viii Preface
We thank Danny Nelson and Debbie Woolf of the Department of
Entomology, Louisiana State University for their assistance in typing the
manuscript.
E.A. Heinrichs
T.A. Miller
Contents
Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Preface ............................................................ VII
Contributors ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl
1. Crop Loss Assessment in Rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
J .A. LITSINGER
2. Economic Thresholds and Injury Levels for Insect Pests of Rice. . 67
M.O. WAY, A.A. GRIGARICK, J.A. LITSINGER, F. PALlS, and
P.L. PINGALI
3. Determination of Riceland Mosquito Population Dynamics ..... 107
C.L. MEEKandJ.K. OLSON
4. Rice Insect Pheromone Identification and Utilization in
Monitoring .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141
S. TATSUKI and H. SUGIE
5. Long Distance Migration of Rice Insects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 167
R. KISIMOTO
6. Techniques for Evaluating Predators and Parasitoids in Rice .... 197
B.M. SHEPARD and P.A.C. 001
7. Methods to Evaluate the Variability of Rice Leafhopper and
Planthopper Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215
A.G. COOK
ix
x Contents
8. Techniques and Methods to Evaluate the Chemical Bases of
Insect Resistance in the Rice Plant ............................. 235
C.M. SMITH, Z.R. KHAN, and P. CABALLERO
9. Application of Tissue Culture Techniques to the
Development of Insect Resistant Rice .......................... 275
T.P. CROUGHAN andJ.F. ROBINSON
to. Systems Analysis and Rice Pest Management ........... ;....... 287
G.A. NORTON, J. HOLT, K.L. HEONG, J.A. CHENG, and
D.R. WAREING
Index ............................................................. 323
Contributors
P. CABALLERO
Department of Cereal Chemistry, International Rice Research Institute,
Manila, Philippines
J.A. CHENG
Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
A.G. COOK
Natural Resources Institute, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
T.P. CROUGHAN
Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University, Agricultural Center,
Crowley, Louisiana 70527-1429, USA
A.A. GRIGARICK
Department of Entomology, University of California-Davis, Davis, Cali
fornia 95616, USA
K.L. HEONG
International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
J. HOLT
Natural Resources Institute, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
Z.R. KHAN
International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya,
Collaborative Project with the International Rice Research Institute, Man
ila, Philippines
xi