Rheumatoid Arthritis: Methods and Protocols PDF
Preview Rheumatoid Arthritis: Methods and Protocols
Methods in Molecular Biology 1868 Shuang Liu Editor Rheumatoid Arthritis Methods and Protocols M M B ethods in olecular iology Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK For further volumes http://www.springer.com/series/7651 Rheumatoid Arthritis Methods and Protocols Edited by Shuang Liu Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan Editor Shuang Liu Department of Pharmacology Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine Toon, Ehime, Japan ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-8801-3 ISBN 978-1-4939-8802-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8802-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954053 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Humana Press imprint is published by the registered company Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, U.S.A. Preface Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune inflammatory arthritis in adults, affecting almost 1% of the world’s population. At present, fewer than 30% of patients show robust responses to treatments. These treatments are associated with a number of adverse side effects, including disease relapse and bone deformation of individual joints. Thus, additional RA- and target-specific preclinical studies are required and further optimization of the treatments is necessary prior to the clinical setting. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Methods and Protocols summarizes the standard laboratory protocols and methodology commonly used in basic and translational studies in the field of RA treatment, including the establishment of basic RA models, evaluation of disease activity and immunological status, and systemic drug delivery. Some timely topics and new research tools are discussed—such as viral-mediated gene therapy and humanized xenograft RA models—that enable the readers to broaden their research horizons. Established laboratory techniques for the development of therapeutic regents such as antibiotics and nucleic acid formulations are also discussed. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Methods and Protocols represents a basic manual for clinical researchers, including physicians, nurses, and pharmacists who are just getting started in the field of intervention study. Protocols are described in a step-by-step manner, and notes describing ways to optimize these methods are included so that investigators with little experience can effectively utilize these protocols. We would like to thank all of the contributors, who are leading researchers in the RA field and expert users of the presented methods, for providing their protocols for this volume. We greatly appreciate the invitation and continued support from Dr. John Walker, Editor-in-Chief of the Methods in Molecular Biology series. Toon, Ehime, Japan Shuang Liu v Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Part I anImal models 1 Collagen-Induced Arthritis Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Maya Miyoshi and Shuang Liu 2 Human Xenograft Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Shuang Liu 3 Long-Term Constant Subcutaneous Drug Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Shuang Liu and Maya Miyoshi 4 Clinical Scoring of Disease Activity in Animal Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Maya Miyoshi and Shuang Liu 5 Histological Analysis of Arthritic Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Takeshi Kiyoi 6 Preparation of Joint Extracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Shuang Liu and Erika Takemasa Part II theraPeutIc aPProach 7 Production of Immunizing Antigen Proteoliposome Using Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Wei Zhou and Hiroyuki Takeda 8 Reconstruction of Protein/Liposome Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Yasuyuki Suzuki 9 Production of Neutralizing Antibody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Erika Takemasa, Shuang Liu, and Hitoshi Hasegawa 10 Autoantibody Profiling Using Human Autoantigen Protein Array and AlphaScreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Hiroyuki Takeda 11 Generation of Specific Aptamers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Shuang Liu, Yasuyuki Suzuki, and Makoto Inui 12 Production of Lentiviral Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Shuang Liu 13 RNA Interference Ex Vivo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Shuang Liu vii viii Contents 14 Lentiviral-Mediated Systemic RNA Interference In Vivo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Shuang Liu 15 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Shuang Liu Part III evaluatIon of ImmunologIcal status 16 Screening of Ca2+ Influx in Lymphocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Erika Takemasa and Shuang Liu 17 Single-Cell Ca2+ Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Shuang Liu 18 Electrophysiological Methods to Measure Ca2+ Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Shuang Liu and Miyuki Kuno 19 The Functional Assessment of T cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Saho Maruyama 20 Release of Antibodies and Cytokines from B Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Shuang Liu 21 Evaluation of Autoreactive Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Shuang Liu 22 Bone Resorption Activity in Mature Osteoclasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Takeshi Kiyoi 23 Animal Models of Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 M. Mogi and Shuang Liu Part Iv clInIcal aPProach 24 Design an Intervention Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Hitoshi Hasegawa 25 Assessment of Disease Activity, Structural Damage, and Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Hitoshi Hasegawa Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Contributors hItoshI hasegawa • Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan makoto InuI • Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan takeshI kIyoI • Division of Analytical Bio-Medicine, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan mIyukI kuno • Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan shuang lIu • Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan saho maruyama • Department of Immunology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan maya mIyoshI • Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan m. mogI • Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan yasuyukI suzukI • Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Saiseikai Matsuyama Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan hIroyukI takeda • Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan erIka takemasa • Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan weI zhou • Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan ix Part I Animal Models Chapter 1 Collagen-Induced Arthritis Models Maya Miyoshi and Shuang Liu Abstract Due to limitations of using patient-derived samples for systemic kinetic studies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) research, animal models are helpful for further understanding the pathophysiology of RA and seeking potential therapeutic targets or strategies. The collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model is one of the stan- dard RA models used in preclinical research. The CIA model shares several pathological features with RA, such as breach of tolerance and generation of autoantibodies targeting collagen, synovial inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial hyperplasia, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. In this chapter, a protocol for successful induction of CIA in mice is described. In this protocol, CIA is induced by active immunization by inoculation with type II heterologous collagen in Freund’s adjuvant in susceptible DBA/1 mice. Key words Collagen-induced arthritis, Freund’s adjuvant, Type II collagen, Emulsion, Immunization 1 Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that initially affects the joints, manifesting as pain, stiffness, and synovi- tis, leading to cartilage and bone erosion by invading fibrovascular tissue [1]. The central pathogenesis of RA is characterized by acti- vation of macrophages by autoreactive T cells, resulting in the release of a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, how the systemic chronic inflammatory state triggers the onset of artic- ular disorder is still poorly understood [2]. To further define the pathogenesis of RA, it is helpful to study human-derived cells and explanted tissues from patients who have undergone arthroscopic surgery or prosthetic replacement arthroplasty. However, this has significant limitations for systemic kinetic studies. Therefore, ani- mal models are not only essential to facilitate understanding of the pathophysiology of RA and seek potential therapeutic targets or strategies but also are the starting point for in vivo application of new therapeutic agents. Based on the methods of induction, systemically induced mod- els include those elicited by active immunization, such as Shuang Liu (ed.), Rheumatoid Arthritis: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1868, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8802-0_1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 3
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