Rheological Fundamentals of Polymer Processing PDF
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Rheological Fundamentals of Polymer Processing NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers o Behavioural and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo I Global Environmental Change PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environment Springer-Verlag / Kluwer Academic Publishers 3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers 5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NA TO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries. NATo-PCO-DAT A BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 50000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible in two ways: - via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, 1-00044 Frascati, Italy. - via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DAT A BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (© WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO- PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Series E: Applied Sciences - Vol. 302 Rheological Fundamentals of Polymer Processing editedby J. A. Covas Department of Polymer Engineering, Universdade do Minho, Braga, Portugal J. F. Agassant Centrede Mise en Formedes Materiaux, Ecoledes Minesde Paris, Sophia-Antipolis, France A. C. Diogo Department of Materials Engineering, Instituto Superior Tecnlco, Lisbon, Portugal J. Vlachopoulos Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada and K. Walters Department of Mathematics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK • Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Rheological Fundamentals of Polymer Processing Alvor, Portugal September 26-October 8, 1994 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available fromthe Ubraryof Congress Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-90-481-4637-6 ISBN 978-94-015-8571-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-8571-2 © 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1995. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1995 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo- copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface vii Organizing Committee and Lecturers ix List of Contributors xi R N Jones and K WaIters The Basic Equations of non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 1 G Marrucci Micro-Rheological Modelling 37 H H Winter and J Jackson Linear Viscoelasticity: The Search for Patterns in the Relaxation of Polymer Melts and Gels 61 A CDiogo Temperature Behaviour of the Viscoelastic Material Functions in Polymers 93 LA Utracki The Rheology of Multiphase Systems 113 G Marin Rheological Measurements: Oscillatory, Rotational, and Pressure Flows 139 A C Diogo Getting Spectra from Experimental Data 161 JFerguson Alllllication of Rheology to Polymer Processing 171 J F Agassant, B Vergnes and M Vincent Polymer Processing Modelling - Approximation Methods 191 V Legat Computer Modelling of Viscoelastic Flow 209 J F Agassant, B Vergnes and E Wey Modelling and Optimization of Single Screw Extrusion for Thermoplastics 231 vi D I Bigio Distributive Mixing in Extruders 247 A Karagiannis, A N Hrymak, J Vlachopoulos and J Vlcek Coextrusion of Polymer Melts 265 MVincent Injection Moulding of Thermoplastic Polymers 289 M 0 Ghafur, B Kosiey and J Vlachopoulos Simulation of Thermoforming and Blowmolding - Theory and Experiments 321 J A Covas The Inverse Problem in Polymer Processing 385 D I Bigio and M Vincent Numerical Practice in Polymer Processing 407 H Janeschitz-Kriegl Kinetics of Shear Induced Crystallization 409 H Janeschitz-Kriegl Polymer Crystallization under Process Conditions 423 MLambla Reactive Extrusion: A New Tool for the Diversification of Polymeric Materials 437 Subject Index 455 PREFACE In recent years, the modelling of polymer processing has become a mature science. The existing models combine the relevant governing equations, materials constitutive laws and information about the process (system geometry and operating conditions) with a considerable degree of success. However, further developments are necessary. In fact, it is anticipated that the future of modelling will require a broader coverage of various aspects of each process (namely unsteady sequences, structure and property development), an increasing efficiency of the numerical routines and a greater accuracy of the predictions. This requires a sound physical understanding and a mathematical description of the materials properties, and the development of the corresponding characterization methods. The meeting held at Alvor, Portugal, from the 26th September to the 8th October 1994, aimed at bringing together experts in different, but complementary, fields related to rheology and polymer processing, and at providing an integrated and complete view of both subjects. Updated fundamental and applied information on the rheological properties of polymers, particularly those relevant to processing was presented, followed by contributions to the physical understanding and the mathematical modelling of polymer processing routines. The frontiers of present knowledge and trends for future research were thoroughly discussed. The meeting was held under the sponsorship of the NATO Advanced Sudy Institutes Programme, and was particularly successful at gathering in the Alvor a significant number of recognised world experts in rheology and in polymer processing, who could interact with the participants during the initiative. The present book follows closely the layout of the NATO ASI meeting, where a gradual transition from rheology and rheometry to polymer processing topics was deliberately sought. Consequently, the first chapter introduces the basic equations of non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, followed by contributions on rheological modelling (micro-rheological considerations, linear viscoelasticity and the rheology of multi phase vii viii systems), and on rheological measurements (shear and extensional deformations). Next, the approximation methods for polymer processing modelling are presented and the mathematical modelling and the numerical techniques required for the computer modelling of viscoelastic flow are discussed. The above principles are then applied to studies of plasticating single screw extrusion, mixing, coextrusion, injection moulding, thermoforming and blow moulding. Finally, interrelated topics such as inverse engineering problems, polymer crystallization, and reactive extrusion are covered. The main conclusions of the two debates on getting spectra from experimental data and on numerical practice in polymer processing held during the meeting are also included, since they provide a good account of the respective subjects and identify areas of required research. The Editors would like to express their gratitude to all the lecturers and participants for their active contributions, which made the Institute and this book possible. Unfortunately, the length of this work does not allow the inclusion of many interesting papers presented by the participants, either orally or as posters. The Editors are also indebted to the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, who provided the financial support required for organising this project. The additional financial and logistic support provided by Junta Nacional de Investigar;ao Cientifica e Tecnol6gica, Secretaria de Estado de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Fundar;ao Luso-Americana para 0 Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Minho, and Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Polimeros, Portugal, is also gratefully acknowdeged. Finally, thanks are due to Dr ° Carneiro, who prepared the subject index. J A Covas JF Agassant A CDiogo J Vlachopoulos K Walters NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE "RHEOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF POLYMER PROCESSING" Alvor, Portugal, September 26 - October 8, 1994 Organizing Committee Director: J A Covas Associate Director: C A Bernardo Scientific Advisors: J F Agassant, A C Diogo, J Vlachopoulos, K Walters Lecturers: J F Agassant, Ecole des Mines de Paris, CEMEF, Sophia-Antipolis, FRANCE D I Bigio, University of Maryland, Polymer Processing Lab, College Park, USA J A Covas, Universidade do Minho, Dept Polymer Eng, 4719 BRAGA CODEX, PORTUGAL A R Davies, University of Wales, Dept Mathematics, Aberysmyth, UK A C Diogo, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Dept Materials Eng, Lisbon, PORTUGAL J Ferguson, University Strathclyde, Dept Pure & Applied Chemistry, Glagow, UK H Janeschitz-Kriegl, Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz, Institute Chemistry, Linz, AUSTRIA M Lambla, Universite Louis Pasteur, Ecole d'Application des Hauts Polymeres, Strasbourg, FRANCE V Legat, Universite Catholique de Louvain, CESAME, Louvain-Ia-Neuve, BELGIUM G Marin, Universite Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Lab Physique Materiaux Industriels, Pau, FRANCE G Man-ucci, University "Federico II", Chemical Eng Dept, 80125 Napoli, ITALY IX x J M Piau, Universite Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire Rheologie, Grenoble, FRANCE M Vincent, Ecole des Mines de Paris, CEMEF, Sophia-Antipolis, FRANCE J Vlachopoulos, McMaster University, Dept Chemical Eng, CAPPA-D, Hamilton, CANADA L A Utracki, National Research Council Canada, Industrial Materials Institute, Boucherville, Canada K Walters, University of Wales, Dept Mathematics, Aberystwyth, UK H H Winter, University of Massachusetts, Dept Chemical Eng and Dept Polymer Science and Eng, Amherst, USA
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