Table Of ContentAU3018_C000.fm Page i Monday, October 16, 2006 7:14 PM
RFID in
the Supply Chain
A Guide to Selection and Implementation
AU3018_C000.fm Page ii Monday, October 16, 2006 7:14 PM
Series on Resource Management
Titles in the Series
Handbook of Supply Chain Management, Collaborative Manufacturing: Using Real-Time
Second Edition Information to Support the Supply Chain
by James B. Ayers by Michael McClellan
ISBN: 0-8493-3160-9 ISBN: 1-57444-341-0
The Portal to Lean Production: Principles The Supply Chain Manager’s Problem-Solver:
& Practices for Doing More With Less Maximizing the Value of Collaboration and
by John Nicholas and Avi Soni Technology
ISBN: 0-8493-5031-X by Charles C. Poirier
ISBN: 1-57444-335-6
Supply Market Intelligence: A Managerial
Handbook for Building Sourcing Strategies Lean Performance ERP Project Management:
by Robert Handfield Implementing the Virtual Supply Chain
ISBN: 0-8493-2789-X by Brian J. Carroll
ISBN: 1-57444-309-7
The Small Manufacturer’s Toolkit: A Guide
to Selecting the Techniques and Systems to Integrated Learning for ERP Success:
Help You Win A Learning Requirements Planning Approach
by Steve Novak by Karl M. Kapp, with William F. Latham and
ISBN: 0-8493-2883-7 Hester N. Ford-Latham
ISBN: 1-57444-296-1
Velocity Management in Logistics and
Distribution: Lessons from the Military to Basics of Supply Chain Management
Secure the Speed of Business by Lawrence D. Fredendall and Ed Hill
by Joseph L. Walden ISBN: 1-57444-120-5
ISBN: 0-8493-2859-4
Lean Manufacturing: Tools, Techniques,
Supply Chain for Liquids: Out of the Box and How to Use Them
Approaches to Liquid Logistics by William M. Feld
by Wally Klatch ISBN: 1-57444-297-X
ISBN: 0-8493-2853-5
Disassembly Modeling for Assembly,
Supply Chain Architecture: A Blueprint for Maintenance, Reuse, and Recycling
Networking the Flow of Material, by A.J.D. Lambert and Surendra M. Gupta
Information, and Cash ISBN: 1-57444-334-8
by William T. Walker
ISBN: 1-57444-357-7 Back to Basics: Your Guide
to Manufacturing Excellence
ERP: Tools, Techniques, and Applications for by Steven A. Melnyk and
Integrating the Supply Chain R.T. Chris Christensen
by Carol A. Ptak with Eli Schragenheim ISBN: 1-57444-279-1
ISBN: 1-57444-358-5
Enterprise Resource Planning and Beyond:
Integral Logistics Management: Planning and Integrating Your Entire Organization
Control of Comprehensive Supply Chains, by Gary A. Langenwalter
Second Edition ISBN: 1-57444-260-0
by Paul Schonsleben
ISBN: 1-57444-355-0 Restructuring the Manufacturing Process:
Applying the Matrix Method
Introduction to e-Supply Chain Management: by Gideon Halevi
Engaging Technology to Build ISBN: 1-57444-121-3
Market-Winning Business Partnerships
by David C. Ross Inventory Classification Innovation:
ISBN: 1-57444-324-0 Paving the Way for Electronic Commerce
and Vendor Managed Inventory
Supply Chain Networks and by Russell G. Broeckelmann
Business Process Orientation ISBN: 1-57444-237-6
by Kevin P. McCormack and William C. Johnson
with William T. Walker
ISBN: 1-57444-327-5
AU3018_C000.fm Page iii Monday, October 16, 2006 7:14 PM
RFID in
the Supply Chain
A Guide to Selection and Implementation
Judith M. Myerson
IT Consultant
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
USA
Boca Raton New York
Auerbach Publications is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
AU3018_C000.fm Page iv Monday, October 16, 2006 7:14 PM
Auerbach Publications
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Auerbach is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Myerson, Judith M.
RFID in the supply chain : a guide to selection and implementation / Judith M.
Myerson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-3018-1
1. Inventory control--Automation. 2. Radio frequency identification systems. I.
Title.
TS160.R43 2006
658.7’87--dc22 2006045675
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AU3018_C000.fm Page v Monday, October 16, 2006 7:14 PM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii
Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
1 Supply Chain Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Paradigm Shift in Product Traceability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Transitioning to RFID Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1.2 Tracking Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
1.1.3 Supply Chain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.2 RFID Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1.3 Economic Feasibility of Rolling Out RFID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
1.3.1 Supply Chain Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
1.3.2 Customer Privacy Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
1.3.3 Security Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
1.3.4 Operational and IT Challenges (Hardware, Software,
System Compatibility, People Expertise). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
1.3.5 Logistical Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
1.3.6 Program Management Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
1.3.7 Education and Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
1.3.8 Standard Implementation Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
1.3.9 Lessons Learned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
1.3.9.1 Iraq: Asset Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
1.3.9.2 Wal-Mart: Implementation Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
1.3.9.3 International Paper: Business Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
1.3.9.4 Procter & Gamble: Docking Loading Throughput . . . . . .23
1.4 RFID Technology Infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
1.4.1 Open Architecture: Savant Server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
1.4.2 Major Vendor Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
1.4.3 Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
1.4.4 Antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
1.4.5 Readers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
1.4.6 Electronic Product Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
1.4.7 Object Name Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
1.4.8 EPC Information Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
v
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1.4.9 Scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
1.5 Web-Centric Supply Chain Management Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
1.5.1 Combining Web-Centric with RFID Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
1.5.2 E-Business Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
1.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
2 RFID Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.1 Primary Drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
2.1.1 RFID Technology Deployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
2.1.2 RFID Technology: Basics, Advantages, and Disadvantages . . . . . .43
2.2 Selection Guidance on Tags, Servers, and Middleware . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
2.2.1 EPC Tag Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
2.2.2 ISO Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
2.2.3 RFID Device Selection Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
2.2.3.1 What Are the Objects to Be Tagged?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
2.2.3.2 What Are the Materials of the Objects and How
Do They Affect Reading Ranges?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
2.2.3.3 What Are Chip Antenna Types?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
2.2.3.4 What Readers Can Read Both Passive and Active Tags?. .55
2.2.3.5 What Are Other Considerations that Could
Affect Externally the Optimal Location of Tags?. . . . . . . .56
2.2.3.6 What Readers Can Read Both RFID Tags
and Bar Codes for Easy Transitioning? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
2.2.3.7 How Do Various Entities Organize
Frequency Types or Ranges?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
2.2.3.8 What Standards Are the Vendors Using
for Their RFID Products?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
2.2.4 Middleware Selection Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
2.2.4.1 RFID Plug-and-Play. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
2.2.4.2 RFID Supply Chain Execution Applications. . . . . . . . . . .62
2.2.4.3 RFID Platform-Dependent Legacy Systems. . . . . . . . . . . .64
2.2.4.4 RFID Integration Hubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
2.3 RFID Implementation Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
3 RFID Applications in Supply Chain Management . . . . . . . . . 75
3.1 Logistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
3.1.1 SCM Logistics Maturity Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
3.1.2 Logistics: Reactive, Proactive, and RFID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
3.2 Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
3.2.1 Oracle–PeopleSoft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
3.2.2 Microsoft RFID Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
3.2.3 IBM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
3.2.4 The METRO Group Future Store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
3.2.4.1 Inventory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
3.2.4.2 Information Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
3.2.4.3 Check-Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
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3.2.5 Chain Pharmacy Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
3.2.6 SAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
3.2.7 Web Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
3.2.7.1 Object Name Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
3.2.7.2 EPC Information Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
3.2.7.3 Electronic Product Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
3.2.7.4 Savant Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
3.2.7.5 EPCglobal and the Auto-ID Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
4 Storing and Retrieving Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.1 Two Big Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
4.1.1 Relationship between Data Storage and Retrieval Issues. . . . . . .101
4.1.2 Understanding Risks Associated with RFID/EPC Technologies. . .102
4.2 EPC Technology in Functional Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
4.3 Perceptions of Product Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
4.4 Database CD on Local Workstation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
4.5 Remote Database Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
4.5.1 How Can We Reduce the Number of Traffic
Bottleneck Incidents?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
4.5.2 Why Do We Need to Divide the Database into the Static
and Dynamic Partitions?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
4.5.3 What Kind of Database Management Should We Get
to Satisfy Our Requirements? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
4.5.4 What Is the Optimal Way of Increasing Throughputs
and Operational Efficiency? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
4.5.4.1 Peoplesoft Enterprise Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
4.5.4.2 IBM RFID Product. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
4.5.5 How Do We Reduce Loading Times Cost Effectively?. . . . . . . . .111
4.5.6 How Do We Migrate a Relational Database Management
System to Another? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
4.5.7 How Is Partitioning Emulated and What Are
the Partitioning Types?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
4.5.8 How Do You Determine the Number of Partitions
for a Database? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
4.5.9 What Are the Factors You Should Consider in Your
Migration Planning? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
4.6 Databases in Company Merger Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
4.7 Hybrid Databases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
4.8 Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
5 RFID Business Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.1 Implementation Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
5.1.1 Dual Shipping Faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
5.1.2 Two Sides of the Mandates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
5.1.3 RFID Implementation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
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viii (cid:1) RFID in the Supply Chain: A Guide to Selection and Implementation
5.2 Business Process Reengineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
5.2.1 Procter & Gamble: Dock Loading Throughput. . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
5.2.2 Canus: Changing Antenna’s Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
5.2.3 Unilever: Changing Tag Placement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
5.2.4 Heinz: Adapting Tag Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
5.2.5 Gillette Scenario: Misplaced Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
5.2.6 Canus: Adjusting Computer Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
5.2.7 Software Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
5.3 Organizational Maturity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
5.4 Basic Multi-Layer RFID Business Process Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
5.5 Adaptive Multi-Layer RFID Business Process Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
5.5.1 Adaptive Maturity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
5.5.2 Application Adaptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
5.5.3 The METRO Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
5.6 Predictive Multi-Layer Business Process Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
5.7 RFID Business Processes Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
5.7.1 IBM RFID Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
5.7.2 Heinz RFID Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
5.7.3 Canus RFID Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
5.7.4 International Paper RFID Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
5.7.5 Kayser-Roth RFID Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
5.7.6 Philips Semiconductors RFID Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
5.7.7 Intel RFID Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
5.7.8 Unilever RFID Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
5.7.9 Major Clothier Retailer RFID Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
5.7.10 Marks and Spencer RFID Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
5.8 RFID Enterprise Supply Chain Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
5.8.1 Supply Chain Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
5.8.2 Supply Chain Execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
5.8.3 Supply Chain Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
5.8.3.1 SCM Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
5.8.3.2 SCM Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
5.9 RFID Business Process Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
5.9.1 Older Life-Cycle Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
5.9.1.1 Waterfall Life Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
5.9.1.2 Incremental Life Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
5.9.1.3 Spiral Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
5.9.2 Newer Life-Cycle Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
5.9.2.1 Adaptive Linear Feedback Life Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
5.9.2.2 Adaptive Dynamic Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
6 RFID Security, Privacy, and Risk Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.1 Security Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
6.1.1 Organizational Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
6.1.2 Issue-Specific Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
6.1.3 System-Specific Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
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6.2 Security of RFID Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
6.2.1 Query Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
6.2.2 Security Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
6.3 Attacks on RFID Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
6.3.1 War-Walking and Lifting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
6.3.2 Counterfeiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
6.3.3 Denial-of-Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
6.3.4 Weak Cryptography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
6.4 Defense in Depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
6.5 Risk Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
6.5.1 Risk Assessment Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
6.5.2 Internal Asset Risk Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
6.5.3 Risk Assessment Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Appendix A Passive RFID Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
A.1 Avonwood (http://www.avonwood.com) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
A.1.1 Eureka 111 Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
A.1.2 Eureka 211 Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
A.2 Escort Memory Systems (http://www.ems-rfid.com/). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
A.2.1 HMS Passive Read/Write Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
A.2.1.1 HMS100 Series Passive Read/WriteTags. . . . . . . . . . . .186
A.2.1.2 HMS800 Series Passive Reader/Writers. . . . . . . . . . . . .186
A.2.1.3 HMS827 Series Passive Reader/Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
A.2.1.4 HMS828 Series Passive Reader/Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
A.2.1.5 HMS820-04/HMS830-04 Series Passive Conveyor
Reader/Writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
A.2.1.6 HMS820-08/HMS830-08 Series Passive Wide-Plate
Reader/Writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
A.2.1.7 HMS820/HMS830 Passive Reader/Writers. . . . . . . . . . .187
A.2.1.8 HMS827-04 Passive Conveyor Reader/Writer . . . . . . . .188
A.2.1.9 HMS827-05 Passive Tubular Reader/Writer. . . . . . . . . .188
A.2.1.10 HMS814/HMS816 Portable Reader/Writers. . . . . . . . . .188
A.2.2 Passive Read-Only Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
A.2.2.1 ES600-Series Read-Only Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
A.2.2.2 RS427 Read-Only Reader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
A.2.2.3 RS427-04 Passive Read-Only Conveyor Antenna . . . . .189
A.3 Intermec (www.intermec.com) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
A.3.1 RFID Tags and Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
A.3.2 RFID Readers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
A.3.3 Intellitag PM4i Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
A.3.4 RFID Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
A.4 Northern Apex (www.northernapex-rfid.com). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
A.4.1 Inlays and Tags. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
A.4.2 Readers and Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
A.4.2.1 900-MHz Readers and Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
A.4.2.2 13.56-MHz Readers and Antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
