RF Circuit Design, Second Edition PDF
Preview RF Circuit Design, Second Edition
RF CIRCUIT DESIGN This page intentionally left blank RF CIRCUIT DESIGN CHRISTOPHER BOWICK WITH JOHN BLYLER AND CHERYL AJLUNI AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON (cid:129) NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO (cid:129) SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier CoverimagebyiStockphoto NewnesisanimprintofElsevier 30CorporateDrive,Suite400,Burlington,MA01803,USA LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP,UK Copyright©2008,ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise, withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone:(+44)1865843830,fax:(+44)1865853333, E-mail:[email protected] viatheElsevierhomepage(http://elsevier.com),byselecting“Support&Contact” then“CopyrightandPermission”andthen“ObtainingPermissions.” Recognizingtheimportanceofpreservingwhathasbeenwritten,Elsevierprintsitsbookson acid-freepaperwheneverpossible. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Bowick,Chris. RFcircuitdesign/ChristopherBowick.—2nded. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-0-7506-8518-4 ISBN-10:0-7506-8518-2 1. RadiocircuitsDesignandconstruction.2. Radiofrequency. I.Title. TK6553.B6332008 621.384'12—dc22 2007036371 BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN:978-0-7506-8518-4 ForinformationonallNewnespublications visitourwebsiteathttp://books.elsevier.com TypesetbyCharonTecLtd(AMacmillanCompany),Chennai,India www.charontec.com 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Tomychildren—IsabelandJuan—whohavebroughtmemorehappinessandgrey hairsthanIthoughtpossible.YparamiesposaRosa,conamor.—JEB Tomyhusband,Tom,mydaughters,AlexisandEmily,andmother,Fran...without whoseconstantcooperation,supportandloveIneverwouldhavefoundthetimeor energytocompletethisproject.—CherylAjluni This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgments xi CHAPTER1 1 Components and Systems Wire–Resistors–Capacitors–Inductors–Toroids–ToroidalInductorDesign–PracticalWindingHints CHAPTER2 23 Resonant Circuits SomeDefinitions–Resonance(LosslessComponents)–LoadedQ–InsertionLoss–ImpedanceTransformation– CouplingofResonantCircuits–Summary CHAPTER3 37 Filter Design Background–ModernFilterDesign–NormalizationandtheLow-PassPrototype–FilterTypes–Frequencyand ImpedanceScaling–High-PassFilterDesign–TheDualNetwork–BandpassFilterDesign–Summaryofthe BandpassFilterDesignProcedure–Band-RejectionFilterDesign–TheEffectsofFiniteQ CHAPTER4 63 Impedance Matching Background–TheLNetwork–DealingWithComplexLoads–Three-ElementMatching–Low-QorWideband MatchingNetworks–TheSmithChart–ImpedanceMatchingontheSmithChart–SoftwareDesignTools–Summary CHAPTER5 103 The Transistor at Radio Frequencies RFTransistorMaterials–TheTransistorEquivalentCircuit–YParameters–SParameters–UnderstandingRF TransistorDataSheets–Summary CHAPTER6 125 Small-Signal RF Amplifier Design SomeDefinitions–TransistorBiasing–DesignUsingYParameters–DesignUsingSParameters viii Contents CHAPTER7 169 RF (Large Signal) Power Amplifiers RFPowerTransistorCharacteristics–TransistorBiasing–RFSemiconductorDevices–PowerAmplifierDesign– MatchingtoCoaxialFeedlines–AutomaticShutdownCircuitry–BroadbandTransformers–PracticalWindingHints– Summary CHAPTER8 185 RF Front-End Design HigherLevelsofIntegration–BasicReceiverArchitectures–ADC’SEffectonFront-EndDesign– SoftwareDefinedRadios–CaseStudy—ModernCommunicationReceiver CHAPTER9 203 RF Design Tools DesignToolBasics–DesignLanguages–RFICDesignFlow–RFICDesignFlowExample–SimulationExample1– SimulationExample2–Modeling–PCBDesign–Packaging–CaseStudy–Summary APPENDIXA 227 APPENDIXB 229 BIBLIOGRAPHY 233 INDEX 237 PREFACE A great deal has changed since Chris Bowick’s RF Circuit Design was first published, some 25 years ago. In fact, we could just say that the RF industry has changed quite a bit since the days of Marconi andTesla—both technological visionaries woven into thefabricofhistoryasthemenwhoenabledradiocommunications.Whocouldhaveenvisionedthattheirinnovationsinthelate 1800’swouldlaythegroundworkfortheeventualcreationoftheradio—akeycomponentinallmobileandportablecommunications systems that exist today? Or, that their contributions would one day lead to such a compelling array of RF applications, ranging fromradartothecordlesstelephoneandeverythinginbetween. Today, theradiostandsasthebackboneofthewirelessindustry. Itisinvirtuallyeverywirelessdevice,whetheracellularphone,measurement/instrumentationsystemusedinmanufacturing,satellite communicationssystem,televisionortheWLAN. Of course, back in the early 1980s when this book was first written, RF was generally seen as a defense/military technology. It was utilized in the United States weapons arsenal as well as for things like radar and anti-jamming devices. In 1985, that image of RF changed when the FCC essentially made several bands of wireless spectrum, the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands,availabletothepubliconalicense-freebasis.Bydoingso—andperhapswithoutevenfullycomprehendingthemomentum itsactionswouldeventuallycreate—theFCCplantedtheseedsofwhatwouldonedaybeamultibillion-dollarindustry. Todaythatindustryisbeingdrivennotbyaerospaceanddefense,butratherbytheconsumerdemandforwirelessapplicationsthat allow“anytime,anywhere”connectivity.And,itisbeingenabledbyarangeofnewandemergingradioprotocolssuchasBluetooth®, Wi-Fi(802.11WLAN),WiMAX,andZigBee®,inadditionto3Gand4GcellulartechnologieslikeCDMA,EGPRS,GSM,andLong TermEvolution(LTE).Forevidenceofthisfact, oneneedslooknofurtherthanthecellularhandset.Withinonedecade, between roughly the years 1990 and 2000, this application emerged from a very small scale semiprofessional niche, to become an almost omnipresentdevice,withthenumberofusersequalto18%oftheworldpopulation.Today,nearly2billionpeopleusemobilephones onadailybasis—notjustfortheirvoiceservices,butforagrowingnumberofsocialandmobile,data-centricInternetapplications. Thankstothemobilephoneandservicetelecommunicationsindustryrevolution,averageconsumerstodaynotonlyexpectpervasive, ubiquitousmobility,theyaredemandingit. ButwhatwillthefutureholdfortheconsumerRFapplicationspace?Theanswertothatquestionseemsfairlywell-definedasthe RFindustrynowfindsitselfrallyingbehindasinglegoal:torealizetrueconvergence.Inotherwords,thefutureoftheRFindustry liesinitsabilitytoenablenext-generationmobiledevicestocrossalloftheboundariesoftheRFspectrum. Essentiallythen, this convergedmobiledevicewouldbringtogethertraditionallydisparatefunctionality(e.g.,mobilephone,television,PCandPDA)on themobileplatform. Again, nowhere is the progress of the converged mobile device more apparent than with the cellular handset. It offers the ideal platformonwhichRFstandardsandtechnologiescanconvergetodeliverawholehostofnewfunctionalityandcapabilitiesthat,as asociety, wemaynotevenyetbeabletoimagine. Movementinthatdirectionhasalreadybegun.Accordingtoanalystswiththe IDCWorldwideMobilePhoneTrackerservice,theconvergedmobiledevicemarketgrewanestimated42percentin2006foratotal ofover80millionunits.Inthefourthquarteralone,vendorsshippedatotalof23.5milliondevices,33percentmorethanthesame quarterayearago.That’safairlyremarkableaccomplishmentconsideringthat,priortothemid-nineties,thepossibilityoftrueRF convergencewasthoughtunreachable. Themixing, samplinganddirect-conversiontechnologiesweresimplydeemedtooclunky andlimitedtoprovidethefoundationnecessaryforimplementationofsuchavision.
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