Reynold's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook, Eleventh Edition

414 Pages·2011·26.37 MB·English

Reynolds’s
Reinforced
Concrete
Designer’s
Handbook

Reynolds’s Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook has been
completely rewritten and updated for this new edition to take
account of the numerous developments in design and practice
over the last 20 years. These include significant revisions to
British Standards and Codes of Practice, and the introduction of
the new Eurocodes. The principal feature of the Handbook is the
collection of over 200 full-page tables and charts, covering all
aspects of structural analysis and reinforced concrete design.
These, together with extensive numerical examples, will enable
engineers to produce rapid and efficient designs for a large range
of concrete structures conforming to the requirements of BS 5400,
BS 8007, BS 8110 and Eurocode 2.
Design criteria, safety factors, loads and material properties
are explained in the first part of the book. Details are then given
of the analysis of structures ranging from single-span beams
and cantilevers to complex multi-bay frames, shear walls,

arches and containment structures. Miscellaneous structures
such as helical stairs, shell roofs and bow girders are also
covered.
A large section of the Handbook presents detailed information
concerning the design of various types of reinforced concrete
elements according to current design methods, and their use in
such structures as buildings, bridges, cylindrical and rectangular
tanks, silos, foundations, retaining walls, culverts and subways.
All of the design tables and charts in this section of the Handbook
are completely new.
This highly regarded work provides in one publication a
wealth of information presented in a practical and user-friendly
form. It is a unique reference source for structural engineers
specialising in reinforced concrete design, and will also be of
considerable interest to lecturers and students of structural
engineering.

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Reynolds’s
Reinforced
Concrete
Designer’s
Handbook

ELEVENTH EDITION

Charles E. Reynolds
BSc (Eng), CEng, FICE
James C. Steedman
BA, CEng, MICE, MIStructE
and
Anthony J. Threlfall
BEng, DIC

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First edition 1932, second edition 1939, third edition 1946, fourth edition 1948,
revised 1951, further revision 1954, fifth edition 1957, sixth edition 1961,
revised 1964, seventh edition 1971, revised 1972, eighth edition 1974, reprinted
1976, ninth edition 1981, tenth edition 1988,
reprinted 1991, 1994 (twice), 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003

Eleventh edition published 2008
by Taylor & Francis
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA

Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business

© 2008 Taylor and Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.

The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard
to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot
accept any legal responsibility or liability for any efforts or
omissions that may be made.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Reynolds, Charles E. (Charles Edward)
Reynolds’s reinforced concrete designers handbook / Charles E. Reynolds,
James C. Steedman, and Anthony J. Threlfall. – 11th ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Reinforced concrete designer’s handbook / Charles E. Reynolds
and James C. Steedman. 1988.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Reinforced concrete construction – Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Steedman, James C. (James Cyril) II. Threlfall, A. J. III. Reynolds,
Charles E. (Charles Edward). Reinforced concrete designer’s handbook.
IV. Title.

TA683.2.R48 2007
624.1'8341–dc22
2006022625

ISBN10: 0–419–25820–5 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0–419–25830–2 (pbk)
ISBN10: 0–203–08775–5 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978–0–419–25820–9 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–419–25830–8 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–08775–6 (ebk)

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

ISBN 0-203-08775-5 Master e-book ISBN

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List of tables
vi
Preface to the eleventh edition
ix
The authors
x
Acknowledgements
xi
Symbols and abbreviations
xii

Part 1 – General information
1
1 Introduction
3
2 Design criteria, safety factors and loads
5
3 Material properties
14
4 Structural analysis
28
5 Design of structural members
44
6 Buildings, bridges and containment structures
54
7 Foundations, ground slabs, retaining walls,
culverts and subways
63

Part 2 – Loads, materials and structures
73
8 Loads
75
9 Pressures due to retained materials
86
10 Concrete and reinforcement
95
11 Cantilevers and single-span beams
105
12 Continuous beams
111
13 Slabs
128
14 Framed structures
154
15 Shear wall structures
169
16 Arches
175
17 Containment structures
183
18 Foundations and retaining walls
195

19 Miscellaneous structures and details
206
20 Elastic analysis of concrete sections
226

Part 3 – Design to British Codes
237
21 Design requirements and safety factors
239
22 Properties of materials
245
23 Durability and fire-resistance
249
24 Bending and axial force
256
25 Shear and torsion
283
26 Deflection and cracking
295
27 Considerations affecting design details
312
28 Miscellaneous members and details
322

Part 4 – Design to European Codes
333
29 Design requirements and safety factors
335
30 Properties of materials
338
31 Durability and fire-resistance
342
32 Bending and axial force
345
33 Shear and torsion
362
34 Deflection and cracking
371
35 Considerations affecting design details
381
36 Foundations and earth-retaining walls
390

Appendix: Mathematical formulae and data
395

References and further reading
397

Index
399

Contents

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2.1
Weights of construction materials and concrete
floor slabs
2.2
Weights of roofs and walls
2.3
Imposed loads on floors of buildings
2.4
Imposed loads on roofs of buildings
2.5
Imposed loads on bridges – 1
2.6
Imposed loads on bridges – 2
2.7
Wind speeds (standard method of design)
2.8
Wind pressures and forces (standard method
of design)
2.9
Pressure coefficients and size effect factors
for rectangular buildings
2.10
Properties of soils
2.11
Earth pressure distributions on rigid walls
2.12
Active earth pressure coefficients
2.13
Passive earth pressure coefficients – 1
2.14
Passive earth pressure coefficients – 2
2.15
Silos – 1
2.16
Silos – 2
2.17
Concrete: cements and aggregate grading
2.18
Concrete: early-age temperatures
2.19
Reinforcement: general properties
2.20
Reinforcement: cross-sectional areas of bars
and fabric
2.21
Reinforcement: standard bar shapes and method of
measurement – 1
2.22
Reinforcement: standard bar shapes and method of
measurement – 2
2.23
Reinforcement: typical bar schedule
2.24
Moments, shears, deflections: general case for beams
2.25
Moments, shears, deflections: special cases for beams
2.26
Moments, shears, deflections: general cases for
cantilevers
2.27
Moments, shears, deflections: special cases for
cantilevers
2.28
Fixed-end moment coefficients: general data
2.29
Continuous beams: general data
2.30
Continuous beams: moments from equal loads on
equal spans – 1
2.31
Continuous beams: moments from equal loads on
equal spans – 2
2.32
Continuous beams: shears from equal loads on
equal spans
2.33
Continuous beams: moment redistribution
2.34
Continuous beams: bending moment diagrams – 1

2.35
Continuous beams: bending moment diagrams – 2
2.36
Continuous beams: moment distribution methods
2.37
Continuous beams: unequal prismatic spans and loads
2.38
Continuous beams: influence lines for two spans
2.39
Continuous beams: influence lines for three spans
2.40
Continuous beams: influence lines for four spans
2.41
Continuous beams: influence lines for five or
more spans
2.42
Slabs: general data
2.43
Two-way slabs: uniformly loaded rectangular panels
(BS 8110 method)
2.44
Two-way slabs: uniformly loaded rectangular panels
(elastic analysis)
2.45
One-way slabs: concentrated loads
2.46
Two-way slabs: rectangular panel with concentric
concentrated load – 1
2.47
Two-way slabs: rectangular panel with concentric
concentrated load – 2
2.48
Two-way slabs: non-rectangular panels (elastic
analysis)
2.49
Two-way slabs: yield-line theory: general information
2.50
Two-way slabs: yield-line theory: corner levers
2.51
Two-way slabs: Hillerborg’s simple strip theory
2.52
Two-way slabs: rectangular panels: loads on beams
(common values)
2.53
Two-way slabs: triangularly distributed load (elastic
analysis)
2.54
Two-way slabs: triangularly distributed load (collapse
method)
2.55
Flat slabs: BS 8110 simplified method – 1
2.56
Flat slabs: BS 8110 simplified method – 2
2.57
Frame analysis: general data
2.58
Frame analysis: moment-distribution method:
no sway
2.59
Frame analysis: moment-distribution method:
with sway
2.60
Frame analysis: slope-deflection data
2.61
Frame analysis: simplified sub-frames
2.62
Frame analysis: effects of lateral loads
2.63
Rectangular frames: general cases
2.64
Gable frames: general cases
2.65
Rectangular frames: special cases
2.66
Gable frames: special cases
2.67
Three-hinged portal frames
2.68
Structural forms for multi-storey buildings

List of tables

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List of tables
vii

2.69
Shear wall layout and lateral load allocation
2.70
Analysis of pierced shear walls
2.71
Arches: three-hinged and two-hinged arches
2.72
Arches: fixed-ended arches
2.73
Arches: computation chart for symmetrical
fixed-ended arch
2.74
Arches: fixed-ended parabolic arches
2.75
Cylindrical tanks: elastic analysis – 1
2.76
Cylindrical tanks: elastic analysis – 2
2.77
Cylindrical tanks: elastic analysis – 3
2.78
Rectangular tanks: triangularly distributed load
(elastic analysis) – 1
2.79
Rectangular tanks: triangularly distributed load
(elastic analysis) – 2
2.80
Rectangular containers spanning horizontally:
moments in walls
2.81
Bottoms of elevated tanks and silos
2.82
Foundations: presumed allowable bearing values
and separate bases
2.83
Foundations: other bases and footings
2.84
Foundations: inter-connected bases and rafts
2.85
Foundations: loads on open-piled structures
2.86
Retaining walls
2.87
Rectangular culverts
2.88
Stairs: general information
2.89
Stairs: sawtooth and helical stairs
2.90
Design coefficients for helical stairs – 1
2.91
Design coefficients for helical stairs – 2
2.92
Non-planar roofs: general data
2.93
Shell roofs: empirical design method – 1
2.94
Shell roofs: empirical design method – 2
2.95
Bow girders: concentrated loads
2.96
Bow girders: uniform loads – 1
2.97
Bow girders: uniform loads – 2
2.98
Bridges
2.99
Hinges and bearings
2.100
Movement joints
2.101
Geometric properties of uniform sections
2.102
Properties of reinforced concrete sections – 1
2.103
Properties of reinforced concrete sections – 2
2.104
Uniaxial bending and compression (modular ratio)
2.105
Symmetrically reinforced rectangular columns
(modular ratio) – 1
2.106
Symmetrically reinforced rectangular columns
(modular ratio) – 2
2.107
Uniformly reinforced cylindrical columns
(modular ratio)
2.108
Uniaxial bending and tension (modular ratio)
2.109
Biaxial bending and compression (modular ratio)
3.1
Design requirements and partial safety factors
(BS 8110)
3.2
Design requirements and partial safety factors
(BS 5400) – 1
3.3
Design requirements and partial safety factors
(BS 5400) – 2
3.4
Design requirements and partial safety factors
(BS 8007)
3.5
Concrete (BS 8110): strength and deformation
characteristics
3.6
Stress-strain curves (BS 8110 and BS 5400): concrete
and reinforcement

3.7
Exposure classification (BS 8500)
3.8
Concrete quality and cover requirements for durability
(BS 8500)
3.9
Exposure conditions, concrete and cover requirements
(prior to BS 8500)
3.10
Fire resistance requirements (BS 8110) – 1
3.11
Fire resistance requirements (BS 8110) – 2
3.12
Building regulations: minimum fire periods
3.13
BS 8110 Design chart for singly reinforced
rectangular beams
3.14
BS 8110 Design table for singly reinforced
rectangular beams
3.15
BS 8110 Design chart for doubly reinforced
rectangular beams – 1
3.16
BS 8110 Design chart for doubly reinforced
rectangular beams – 2
3.17
BS 8110 Design chart for rectangular columns – 1
3.18
BS 8110 Design chart for rectangular columns – 2
3.19
BS 8110 Design chart for circular columns – 1
3.20
BS 8110 Design chart for circular columns – 2
3.21
BS 8110 Design procedure for columns – 1
3.22
BS 8110 Design procedure for columns – 2
3.23
BS 5400 Design chart for singly reinforced
rectangular beams
3.24
BS 5400 Design table for singly reinforced
rectangular beams
3.25
BS 5400 Design chart for doubly reinforced
rectangular beams – 1
3.26
BS 5400 Design chart for doubly reinforced
rectangular beams – 2
3.27
BS 5400 Design chart for rectangular columns – 1
3.28
BS 5400 Design chart for rectangular columns – 2
3.29
BS 5400 Design chart for circular columns – 1
3.30
BS 5400 Design chart for circular columns – 2
3.31
BS 5400 Design procedure for columns – 1
3.32
BS 5400 Design procedure for columns – 2
3.33
BS 8110 Shear resistance
3.34
BS 8110 Shear under concentrated loads
3.35
BS 8110 Design for torsion
3.36
BS 5400 Shear resistance
3.37
BS 5400 Shear under concentrated loads – 1
3.38
BS 5400 Shear under concentrated loads – 2
3.39
BS 5400 Design for torsion
3.40
BS 8110 Deflection – 1
3.41
BS 8110 Deflection – 2
3.42
BS 8110 Deflection – 3
3.43
BS 8110 (and BS 5400) Cracking
3.44
BS 8007 Cracking
3.45
BS 8007 Design options and restraint factors
3.46
BS 8007 Design table for cracking due to temperature
effects
3.47
BS 8007 Elastic properties of cracked rectangular
sections in flexure
3.48
BS 8007 Design table for cracking due to flexure
in slabs – 1
3.49
BS 8007 Design table for cracking due to flexure
in slabs – 2
3.50
BS 8007 Design table for cracking due to flexure
in slabs – 3
3.51
BS 8007 Design table for cracking due to direct
tension in walls – 1

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List of tables
viii

4.9
EC 2 Design chart for doubly reinforced
rectangular beams – 1
4.10
EC 2 Design chart for doubly reinforced
rectangular beams – 2
4.11
EC 2 Design chart for rectangular columns – 1
4.12
EC 2 Design chart for rectangular columns – 2
4.13
EC 2 Design chart for circular columns – 1
4.14
EC 2 Design chart for circular columns – 2
4.15
EC 2 Design procedure for columns – 1
4.16
EC 2 Design procedure for columns – 2
4.17
EC 2 Shear resistance – 1
4.18
EC 2 Shear resistance – 2
4.19
EC 2 Shear under concentrated loads
4.20
EC 2 Design for torsion
4.21
EC 2 Deflection – 1
4.22
EC 2 Deflection – 2
4.23
EC 2 Cracking – 1
4.24
EC 2 Cracking – 2
4.25
EC 2 Cracking – 3
4.26
EC 2 Early thermal cracking in end restrained panels
4.27
EC 2 Early thermal cracking in edge
restrained panels
4.28
EC 2 Reinforcement limits
4.29
EC 2 Provision of ties
4.30
EC 2 Anchorage requirements
4.31
EC 2 Laps and bends in bars
4.32
EC 2 Rules for curtailment, large diameter bars
and bundles

3.52
BS 8007 Design table for cracking due to direct
tension in walls – 2
3.53
BS 8110 Reinforcement limits
3.54
BS 8110 Provision of ties
3.55
BS 8110 Anchorage requirements
3.56
BS 8110 Curtailment requirements
3.57
BS 8110 Simplified curtailment rules for beams
3.58
BS 8110 Simplified curtailment rules for slabs
3.59
BS 5400 Considerations affecting design details
3.60
BS 8110 Load-bearing walls
3.61
BS 8110 Pile-caps
3.62
Recommended details: nibs, corbels and halving joints
3.63
Recommended details: intersections of members
4.1
Design requirements and partial safety factors
(EC 2: Part 1)
4.2
Concrete (EC 2): strength and deformation
characteristics – 1
4.3
Concrete (EC 2): strength and deformation
characteristics – 2
4.4
Stress–strain curves (EC 2): concrete and
reinforcement
4.5
Exposure classification (BS 8500)
4.6
Concrete quality and cover requirements for durability
(BS 8500)
4.7
EC 2 Design chart for singly reinforced
rectangular beams
4.8
EC 2 Design table for singly reinforced
rectangular beams

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Since the last edition of Reynolds’s Handbook, considerable
developments in design and practice have occurred. These include
significant revisions to British standard specifications and codes
of practice, and the introduction of the Eurocodes. Although cur-
rent British codes are due to be withdrawn from 2008 onwards,
their use is likely to continue beyond that date at least in some
English-speaking countries outside the United Kingdom.
One of the most significant changes has been in the system
for classifying exposure conditions, and selecting concrete
strength and cover requirements for durability. This is now dealt
with exclusively in BS 8500, which takes into account the
particular cement/combination type. The notation used to
define concrete strength gives the cylinder strength as well as
the cube strength. For structural design, cube strength is used
in the British codes and cylinder strength in the Eurocodes.
The characteristic yield strength of reinforcement has been
increased to 500 N/mm2 (MPa). As a result, new design aids
have become necessary, and the Handbook includes tables and
charts for beams and columns (rectangular and circular)
designed to both British and European codes. Throughout the
Handbook, stress units are given as N/mm2 for British codes
and MPa for European codes. The decimal point is shown by a
full stop (rather than a comma) in both cases.
The basic layout of the Handbook is similar to the previous
edition, but the contents have been arranged in four separate
parts for the convenience of the reader. Also, the opportunity
has been taken to omit a large amount of material that was no
longer relevant, and to revise the entire text to reflect modern
design and construction practice. Part 1 is descriptive in form
and covers design requirements, loads, materials, structural
analysis, member design and forms of construction. Frequent
reference is made in Part 1 to the tables that are found in the
rest of the Handbook. Although specific notes are attached to
these tables in Parts 2, 3 and 4, much of the relevant text is
embodied in Part 1, and the first part of the Handbook should
always be consulted.
Part 2 has more detailed information on loads, material
properties and analysis in the form of tabulated data and charts
for a large range of structural forms. This material is largely
independent of any specific code of practice. Parts 3 and 4 cover

the design of members according to the requirements of
the British and European codes respectively. For each code, the
same topics are covered in the same sequence so that the reader
can move easily from one code to the other. Each topic is
illustrated by extensive numerical examples.
In the Eurocodes, some parameters are given recommended
values with the option of a national choice. Choices also exist
with regard to certain classes, methods and procedures. The
decisions made by each country are given in a national annex.
Part 4 of the Handbook already incorporates the values given in
the UK national annex. Further information concerning the use
of Eurocode 2 is given in PD 6687: Background paper to the
UK National Annex to BS EN 1992–1–1.
The Handbook has been an invaluable source of reference for
reinforced concrete engineers for over 70 years. I made
extensive use of the sixth edition at the start of my professional
career 50 years ago. This edition contains old and new infor-
mation, derived by many people, and obtained from many
sources past and present. Although the selection inevitably
reflects the personal experience of the authors, the information
has been well tried and tested. I owe a considerable debt of
gratitude to colleagues and mentors from whom I have learnt
much over the years, and to the following organisations for
permission to include data for which they hold the copyright:

British Cement Association
British Standards Institution
Cabinet Office of Public Sector Information
Construction Industry Research and Information Association
Portland Cement Association
The Concrete Bridge Development Group
The Concrete Society

Finally, my sincere thanks go to Katy Low and all the staff at
Taylor & Francis Group, and especially to my dear wife Joan
without whose unstinting support this edition would never have
been completed.

Tony Threlfall
Marlow, October 2006

Preface to the
eleventh edition

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Charles Edward Reynolds was born in 1900 and received his
education at Tiffin Boys School, Kingston-on-Thames, and
Battersea Polytechnic. After some years with Sir William
Arroll, BRC and Simon Carves, he joined Leslie Turner and
Partners, and later C W Glover and Partners. He was for some
years Technical Editor of Concrete Publications Ltd and then
became its Managing Editor, combining this post with private
practice. In addition to the Reinforced Concrete Designer’s
Handbook, of which almost 200,000 copies have been sold
since it first appeared in 1932, Charles Reynolds was the author
of numerous other books, papers and articles concerning
concrete and allied subjects. Among his various professional
appointments, he served on the council of the Junior Institution
of Engineers, and was the Honorary Editor of its journal at his
death on Christmas Day 1971.

James Cyril Steedman was educated at Varndean Grammar
School and first was employed by British Rail, whom he joined
in 1950 at the age of 16. In 1956 he began working for GKN
Reinforcements Ltd and later moved to Malcolm Glover and
Partners. His association with Charles Reynolds began when,
after the publication of numerous articles in the magazine

Concrete and Constructional Engineering, he accepted an
appointment as Technical Editor of Concrete Publications, a
post he held for seven years. He then continued in private
practice, combining work for the Publications Division of the
Cement and Concrete Association with his own writing and
other activities. In 1981 he set up Jacys Computing Services,
subsequently devoting much of his time to the development of
micro-computer software for reinforced concrete design. He is
the joint author, with Charles Reynolds, of Examples of the
Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings to BS 8110.

Anthony John Threlfall was educated at Liverpool Institute for
Boys, after which he studied civil engineering at Liverpool
University. After eight years working for BRC, Pierhead Ltd
and IDC Ltd, he took a diploma course in concrete structures
and technology at Imperial College. For the next four years he
worked for CEGB and Camus Ltd, and then joined the Cement
and Concrete Association in 1970, where he was engaged
primarily in education and training activities until 1993. After
leaving the C&CA, he has continued in private practice to
provide training in reinforced and prestressed concrete design
and detailing.

The authors

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The publishers would like to thank the following organisations
for their kind permission to reproduce the following material:

Permission to reproduce extracts from British Standards is
granted by BSI. This applies to information in Tables 2.1, 2.3,
2.4, 2.7–2.10, 2.15, 2.16, 2.19–2.23, 2.42, 2.43, 2.45, 2.55,
2.56, 2.100, 3.1–3.11, 3.21, 3.22, 3.31–3.45, 3.53–3.61, 4.1–4.6,
4.15–4.25, and 4.28–4.32. British Standards can be obtained
from BSI Customer Services, 389 Chiswick High Street,
London W4 4AL. Tel: �44 (0)20 8996 9001. email: