Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation PDF
Preview Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation
Review of Progress in QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUAT ION A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Review of Progress in QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUAT ION Edited by Donald O. Thompson Ames Laboratory (USDOE) Iowa State University Ames, Iowa and Dale E. Chimenti Materials Laboratory Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Dayton, Ohio SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC The Library of Congress has cataloged the first volume of this title as follows: Review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation-Vol. l- -New York: Plenum Press, 1982- v.: ill.; 28 em. Annual. Vols. 2- published in 2 pts.: A and B. Vol. 1- are the Proceedings of the 8th, 1981- Air Force/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. ISSN 0743-0760 = Review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation. 1. Non-destructive testing-Congresses. I. United States. Air Force. II. United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Ill. Air Force/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. TA417.2.R48 620.1'127-dcl9 84-646699 Library of Congress [8502] AACR 2 MARC-S ISBN 978-1-4612-9054-4 ISBN 978-1-4613-1893-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-1893-4 First half of the proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, held August 3-8, 1986, in La jolla, California © 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1987 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE This volume (Parts A and B) contains the edited papers presented at the annual Review of Progress in Quanţitative Nondestructive Evalua tion held at the University of California (San Diego) in LaJo11a, August 3-8, 1986. The Review was organized and sponsored by the Center for NDE at Iowa State University and the Ames Laboratory, in cooperation with the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, USDOE, and the Materia1s Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Approximately 400 attendees, a new record, representing various government agencies, industry, and universities participated in the technical presentations, poster sessions, and discussions. This Review, with its wide-ranging interchange of technical information, stands as one of the most compre hensive in the field of NDE research and engineering. In order to present the reader with a more usefu1 document, we have organized the symposium papers in these Proceedings by subject rather than by the order of presentation at the Review. Topical subject headings have been selected under which the 1arge majority of papers wou1d reasonably falI. Here, again, we have revised the format used in former years to accommodate an evolving focus of interest in the field. These categories cover a broad spectrum of research in NDE and encompass activities from fundamental work to early engineering applications. In the following paragraphs we offer a brief summary of the research presented in these Proceedings. Considering the profound influence on research--indeed, on our lives--of the digital computer, it was with great interest that we heard from Prof. Robert S. Enge1more of Stanford University on the prospect of thinking machines. An active are a of research that is a1ready finding application under contro11ed conditions, artificial intelligence holds forth the promise of a new paradigm -in the person computer interaction. While most of Prof. Engelmore's examples were taken from the medical field, the audience could easily substitute similar situations from inspection science. A respectable number of papers in this volume deals specifically with developments in the basic methods. These are collected in a single chapter on Generic Techniques-Fundamenta1s. This chapter con tains papers on ultrasonics, eddy current, thermal wave methods, and acoustic emission. In each case, fundamental or generic aspects of the techniques are emphasized. Also included is a section on tomo graphy and magnetic resonance techniques. Chapter 2 combines papers on imaging, microscopy, inversion, and reconstruction, a grouping that reflects the close physical and mathematical relationship among these topics. Several invers ion papers concentrate on eddy current data, discussing a variety of approaches to this problem. v Following a trend established last year, the importance of con tinuous monitor ing or in-process control to NDE is acknowledged in the third chapter on Sensors and Probes. In two sections, Ultrasonics and Electromagnetics, are collected papers on the development of im proved or entirely new means of extracting useful informat ion on the condition of the system being probed. Chapter 4 properly highlights as a separate division the work combined in the previous volume with sensor development. Efforts in Image Analysis, Signal Processing, and Artificial Intelligence experienced a substantial growth in the last year. In particular, further development of the analysis and processing of images seems assured considering the strong general interest in providing inspectors with pictorial representations of a nondestructive test. A special session (the first in this Review series) on artificial intelligence for NDE closes this chapter. Part A of this volume ends with a chapter devoted to engineering aspects of NDE. Several large-scale automated inspection systems- ultrasonic, x-ray, and electrothermal--are discussed in a series of papers. The important question of inspection reliability, for both the nuclear and aerospace industries, is treated in the final section of this chapter. To accommodate the rapid growth of papers on materials properties, we have followed last year's format and organized the entire Part B of this volume around the materials theme. Chapter 6 contains re search reports on Advanced Composites, headed by invited papers from this year's minisymposium on ceramic composites. The length and diver sity of this chapter attests to the increasing importance of composite materials in many critical applications requLrLng high strength-to-weight ratios. To underscore the explosion of interest in this topic, only three papers related to composites appeared in volume one of this series. Reflecting the value of cross fertilization between NDE and other areas, the number of papers in Electronic Materials and Devices has risen steadily. The work reported here has now begun to ~ncompass techniques new to the field. These papers are collected in Chapter 7. The last chapter of contributed papers, Materials Characterization, is the second largest in the volume and contains the majority of papers in this Part of the Proceedings. As in the previous volume, this chapter is further subdivided into five sections in order to separate related, but distinct, topics. The first section collects those papers which treat general properties of materials, and the second contains work on acousto-elasticity, stress and texture. The third section presents results on cracks and deformation, while ferromagnetic materials are the subject of the fourth section. Closing Chapter 8 is a section on weldments and bonds. Following what, by now, must be called a tradition, the editors have included the paper presented at the informal evening problem session along with an edited transcript of the accompanying discussion as a part of the Proceedings. Unified Life Cycle Engineering is a design concept which seeks, through modeling and simulation, to promote an information-rich design environment and establish considerations such as manufacturability and inspectability as equal partners with performance in the system design process. Dr. Harris M. Burte, Chief Scientist of the Air Force Materials Laboratory, was joined by a panel vi of experts in discussions which amplified and extended the evening' s presentation. This paper and the group discussion are incorporated as Chapter 9 of this volume. The organizers of the Review wish to acknowledge the assistance provided by several organizations and many people. They include the Ames Laboratory and Iowa State University as well as the agencies noted in the first paragraph of the Preface. They are especially grateful to Dr. R. Engelmore of Stanford University for his -excellent keynote lecture on artificial intelligence and expert systems and to Dr. Harris Burte of the Air Force Materials Laboratory for his discussion of Unified Life Cycle Engineering as noted above. A number of people helped to organize sessions. They include: J. Achenbach (Northwestern University), R. Beissner (Southwest Research Institute), A. Berens (University of Dayton Research Institute), R. Green (Johns Hopkins University), A. Loos (Virginia Polytechnic Institute), J. Opsal (Thermal Wave, Inc.), Y. Rajapakse (Office of Naval Research), W. Scott (Naval Air Development Center), L. Shambaugh (Pratt & Whitney), H. Wadley (National Bureau of Standards), and K. Wickramasinghe (IBM, T. J. Watson Research Center). These" special" sessions contained several invited, overview papers for which the organizers are grateful. The organizers also wish to acknowledge the assistance of the chairpersons who managed the sessions and the many participants who contributed to the meeting through both session and hall-way discussions. The organizers are particularly indebted to Mrs. Diane Harris for her logistics management of the Review, to Ms. Linda Dutton for her preparat ion of Review materials and assistance at the meeting, and to Ms. Elizabeth Bilyeu for her preparat ion of this manuscript. Donald O. Thompson Ames Laboratory, USDOE Iowa State University Dale E. Chimenti Materials Laboratory Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories Wright-Patterson AFB vii CONTENTS VOLUME 6A KEYNOTE ADDRESS Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Based Systems: Origins, Methods and Opportunities for NDE.................... 1 R. S. Engelmore CHAPTER 1: GENERIC TECHNIQUES--FUNDAMENTALS Section A: Ultrasonics UK Developments in Theoretical Modeling for Ultrasonic NDT................................................ 21 A. Temple On the Direct and Inverse Elastic Wave Scattering Problem to Characterize Damage in Materials................... 37 J. D. Achenbach, D. A. Sotiropoulos, and H. Zhu Time Dependent Pulse Propagat ion and Scattering in Elastic Solids: An Asymptotic Theory...................... 45 A. N. Norris Ultrasonic Surface and Bulk Wave Interaction with Fluid-Saturated Porous Solids................................. 51 M. J. Mayes, P. B. Nagy, L. Adler, B. P. Bonner, and R. Streit Interactive Diffraction of a Plane Longitudinal Wave by a Pair of Coplanar Central Cracks in an Elastic Solid................................................. 59 Y. M. Tsai Ultrasonic Scattering by Planar and Non-Planar Cracks. . . . • • . • . . • . • . • • • • • . • . • . . . . • . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . . • • • . • . . . • • • 69 S. K. Datta and A. H. Shah Acoustic Wave Scattering from a Circular Crack: Comparison of Different Computational Methods................. 79 W. M. Visscher 3-D Modeling of Ultrasonic Scattering from Inter-Granular Stress Corrosion Cracks........................ 87 J. D. Achenbach and D. E. Budreck CHAPTER 1: (CONTINUED) Application of Models for IGSCC Inspection.................... 93 T. A. Gray, R. B. Thompson, B. P. Newberry, J. D. Achenbach, and D. Budreck Plate Modes Generated by Emats for NDE of Planar Flaws......................................................... 101 S. K. Datta, R. E. Schramm, and Z. Abdu1jabbar Ref1ection of Bounded Acoustic Beams from a Layered Solid................................................. 109 A. K. Mal and T. Kundu App1ication of Forward and Inverse Scattering Mode1s for U1trasonic Waves in Complex Layered Structures.................................................... 117 P. R. Smith, L. J. Bond, D. T. Green, and C. Chaloner Finite Element Studies of Transient Wave Propagat ion. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 125 M. Sansa1one, N. J. Carino, and N. N. Hsu Modeling U1trasonic Waves Using Finite Difference Methods............................................ 135 L. J. Bond, N. Saffari, and M. Punjani Section B: Eddy Current Eddy Current Response to Three-Dimensiona1 F1aws by the Boundary Element Method................................ 145 R. E. Beissner and J. H. Hwang On Boundary Integral Equation Method for Fie1d Distribution Under Cracked Metal Surface...................... 153 V. G. Kogan, G. Bozzolo, and N. Nakagawa App1ications of the Volume Integral Technique to Mode1ing Impedance Changes due to Surface Cracks.............. 161 W. S. Dunbar Eddy Current Induction by a Coi1 Near a Conducting Edge in 2D.................................................... 169 S. K. Burke 3-D Eddy Current Nondestructive Testing Mode1ing for Surface F1aws............................................. 177 R. Grimberg, M. Mayos, and A. Nicolas Eddy-Current Probe Interaction with Subsurface Cracks........................................................ 185 J. R. Bow1er Recent Studies in Mode1ing for the A. C. Field Measurement Technique......................................... 193 D. H. Michae1 and R. Co11ins Three Dimensional Finite Element Mode1ing..................... 201 N. Ida x
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