Responses of Fruit Trees to Global Climate Change PDF
Preview Responses of Fruit Trees to Global Climate Change
SPRINGER BRIEFS IN PLANT SCIENCE Fernando Ramírez Jose Kallarackal Responses of Fruit Trees to Global Climate Change SpringerBriefs in Plant Science More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10080 í Fernando Ram rez Jose Kallarackal (cid:129) Responses of Fruit Trees to Global Climate Change 123 Fernando Ramírez JoseKallarackal Facultad deCiencias Sustainable Forest Management Division UniversidadColegioMayorde Kerala Forest Research Institute Cundinamarca Thrissur Bogotá Kerala Cundinamarca India Colombia ISSN 2192-1229 ISSN 2192-1210 (electronic) SpringerBriefs inPlant Science ISBN 978-3-319-14199-2 ISBN 978-3-319-14200-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14200-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014958580 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©TheAuthor(s)2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Fernando Ramírez, the first author, dedicates this work to his mother (Natalia), Father (Fernando) and L. Marien. Jose Kallarackal, the second author, dedicates this work to his mother (late Aleykutty), father (late Joseph) and wife (Lilly). This work is also dedicated to all students seeking knowledge. Preface Although trees have a wonderful capacityto adapt to changing climatic conditions comparedtotheherbaceousflora,treesthatprovideusediblefruitsaresubjectedto thechallengesduetoglobalwarmingandtheresultantclimatechange.Pastrecords onphenologicaldatafrom around theworld haveshownthat the flowering offruit trees have advanced by a few days or weeks compared to their reproductive behavior a century ago. In some locations, the increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has given rise to higher productivity, while at the same time contro- versy remains as to whether the increasing temperature due to carbon dioxide will sustain this productivity. The change in the rainfall pattern has upset the repro- ductive behavior of many fruit trees, especially in the tropics. Writingabookontheimpactofclimatechangeonfruittreeswascertainlyvery challenging. Although quite a few research studies have been done in some of the fruit trees around the world, the results are not conclusive. This is because the climate change phenomenon itself has a long-term impact, so that after analyzing the data, it becomes difficult to synthesize them for a book. In this book, we have covereddatageneratedinthetemperateandtropicalregions.Itisexpectedthatthis book will prompt more research on this important group of plants, especially with the impending threat of climate change. Fernando Ramírez Jose Kallarackal vii Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Response of Trees to CO Increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 Nutrient Value of Fruits in Response to eCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4 The Effect of Increasing Temperature on Phenology. . . . . . . . . . . 11 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5 Tree Phenology Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6 Phenology of Temperate Fruit Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 7 Phenology of Sub-tropical Fruit Trees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 8 Phenology of Tropical Fruit Trees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 9 Climate Change and Chilling Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 10 Precipitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ix x Contents 11 Ecophysiological Adaptations and Climate Change. . . . . . . . . . . . 37 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 12 Biodiversity Implications and the Spread of Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 39 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 13 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Abstract Increasedtemperature,aberrantprecipitation,andahostofotherrelatedfactorsare expected to cause a global climate change that would adversely affect life on this planet. Fruit trees growing in a changed climate have to cope with rising CO 2 atmosphere, phenological changes occurring as a result of increased temperature, lower chilling hours (especially in the temperate regions), impact of aberrant pre- cipitation, and the spread of new diseases. Fruit trees have ecophysiological adaptations for thriving under specific environmental conditions. Compared to naturalvegetation,studiesofelevatedCO impactsonfruittreesarelimited.Global 2 warminghascausedtemperatefruittreephenologytochangeinvariouspartsofthe world. The chilling hours, which is a major determinant in tree phenology in temperate regions, have come down, causing considerable reduction in yield in several species. In the tropics, precipitation is a major factor regulating the phe- nology and yield in fruit trees. There is a need to develop phenological models in order to estimate the impact of climate change on plant development in different regions of the world. More research is also called for to develop adaptation strat- egiestocircumventthenegativeimpactsofclimatechange.Thisbookaddressesthe impact of climate change on fruit trees and the response of the fruit trees to a changing environment. (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) Keywords Fruittrees Carbondioxide Climatechange Phenology Chilling (cid:1) Ecophysiology Temperature xi
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