Resource Allocation in Wireless Systems

483 Pages·2009·14.6 MB·English

New Directions in Wireless
Communications Research
Vahid Tarokh
Editor
New Directions in Wireless
Communications Research
123
Editor
VahidTarokh
HarvardUniversity
SchoolofEngineering&
AppliedSciences
33OxfordSt.
CambridgeMA02138
USA
[email protected]
ISBN978-1-4419-0672-4 e-ISBN978-1-4419-0673-1
DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-0673-1
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009928505
(cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2009
Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten
permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,
NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein
connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer
software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if
they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not
theyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
ThisbookisdedicatedtoDr.VijayK.
BhargavaoftheUniversityofBritish
Columbiabyhisfriends,colleagues,
collaboratorsandformerstudents,indeep
respectandadmirationforhisover30years
ofextraordinaryleadershipandinnovationin
thefieldofcommunications research.
Preface
In recent years, there has been significant progress in the area of wireless system
design. Wireless local area networks have had enormous success and this is ex-
pected to continue on into the foreseen future. Third-generation cellular systems
have been successfully deployed and are witnessing growing consumer demand.
Fourth-generation systems are being deployed in the near future. Other emerging
systems include sensor networks, body area networks, wireless personal area net-
worksandpositioningsystems.
The above commercial success has ignited enormous advances in research in
wirelesssystemdesigninthelasttwodecades.Asaresult,newconceptshavebeen
inventedwithamazingspeed.Thismakesitimportanttohavebooksavailablethat
areclosetoongoingresearch.Thisissuewasfirstpointedoutbyanumberofcol-
leagueswhoencouragedmetoeditthisworkbasedoncontributionsfromsomeof
theforemostresearchersintheareaofwirelesscommunications.
The book addresses a selected number of important emerging topics in wire-
less system design. The authors were chosen from among leading international
researchers in their area. No system design is possible without understanding the
underlying channels, thus Chapter 1 focuses on this topic. Much of modern sys-
tems use orthogonal division frequency multiplexing (OFDM) as the underlying
air interface. This is an old technology, but only recently has been put to massive
commercial use in wireless local area networks and cellular systems. Chapter 2
discusses this important technology in great detail. Contention between multiple
users, channel estimation, synchronization, and various other issues in system de-
signrequiressequenceswithlowcorrelationpropertiesandthisisthetopicofChap-
ter 3. Chapter4 considers the scheduling problem, i.e., allocation of resources to
multiple users in a wireless system, an issue of critical importance in a multiuser
system.Chapter5considersthedesignofiterativereceiversinordertoachieveeffi-
cienciesneartheoreticallimits.Chapter6considersmultiple-inputmultiple-output
(MIMO)andmultiusermultiple-inputmultiple-output(MU-MIMO)systems.These
techniquespromisesignificantincreaseinspectralefficienciesofwirelesssystems.
Yetanotherpromisingwaytoincreasespectralefficiencyisbyproducingdirectional
beampatternsandChapter7considerstheuseofdistributednodesforthispurpose.
vii
viii Preface
This is a special co-operation between elements of a network. Other methods of
co-operationarediscussedinChapter8.Interferenceisthemainlimitingfactorin
reducing the spectral efficiency of wireless systems, thus management, avoidance,
andrejectionofinterferenceareimportanttopicsdiscussedinChapter9.Aninter-
estingsolutiontoavoidinterferenceisbyusingintelligentdevicesthatcansensethe
environment and avoid transmission in occupied space–time–frequency resources.
Thesecognitivedeviceshavewitnessedarecentexplosionofinterestfortransmis-
sion in TV band by secondary devices and other applications. This is the topic of
Chapter10. Chapters 11 and 12 study bidirectional-coded co-operation and their
moregeneralextensionsknownasnetworkcoding.FinallyChapters13,14,and15
discuss modern fourth-generation standards (LTE and WiMax) and standard pro-
posals(UMB)andtherealizationofsomeofthetopicscoveredinpreviouschapters
inpractice.
TheeditorisgratefultoIanBlakeforhisassistanceincompilingthisvolume.
Cambridge,MA VahidTarokh
December,2008
Contents
1 MeasurementandModelingofWirelessChannels ............... 1
DavidG.MichelsonandSaeedS.Ghassemzadeh
1.1 Introduction.............................................. 1
1.2 ABriefHistory ........................................... 3
1.3 CharacterizationofWirelessChannels........................ 4
1.4 DevelopmentofNewChannelModels........................ 9
1.5 MeasurementofWirelessChannels .......................... 11
1.6 RecentAdvancesinChannelModeling ....................... 13
1.6.1 ChannelModelsforUltrawidebandWirelessSystems ... 13
1.6.2 ChannelModelsforMIMO-BasedWirelessSystems.... 16
1.6.3 ChannelModelsforBodyAreaNetworks ............. 18
1.6.4 ChannelModelsforShort-RangeVehicularNetworks ... 20
1.6.5 ChannelModelsfor60GHzandTerahertzSystems..... 22
1.7 Conclusions.............................................. 24
References..................................................... 25
2 OFDM:PrinciplesandChallenges ............................ 29
Nicola Marchetti, Muhammad Imadur Rahman, Sanjay Kumar,
andRamjeePrasad
2.1 Introduction.............................................. 29
2.2 HistoryandDevelopmentofOFDM ......................... 30
2.3 TheBenefitofUsingMulti-carrierTransmission ............... 31
2.4 OFDMTransceiverSystems ................................ 34
2.5 AnalyticalModelofOFDMSystem.......................... 35
2.5.1 Transmitter....................................... 35
2.5.2 Channel ......................................... 37
2.5.3 Receiver ......................................... 38
2.5.4 Sampling ........................................ 41
2.6 AdvantagesofOFDMSystem............................... 42
2.6.1 CombatingISIandReducingICI .................... 42
2.6.2 SpectralEfficiency ................................ 43
ix
x Contents
2.6.3 SomeOtherBenefitsofOFDMSystem ............... 44
2.7 DisadvantagesofOFDMSystem ............................ 45
2.7.1 StrictSynchronizationRequirement .................. 45
2.7.2 Peak-to-AveragePowerRatio(PAPR) ................ 45
2.7.3 Co-channelInterferenceinCellularOFDM............ 46
2.8 OFDMSystemDesignIssues ............................... 46
2.8.1 OFDMSystemDesignRequirements................. 46
2.8.2 OFDMSystemDesignParameters ................... 47
2.9 Multi-carrierBasedAccessTechniques ....................... 49
2.9.1 DefinitionofBasicSchemes ........................ 49
2.10 Single-CarriervsMulti-carrier,TDEvsFDE .................. 52
2.10.1 Single-CarrierFDE................................ 52
2.10.2 Single-CarriervsMulti-carrier,FDEvsTDE .......... 54
2.10.3 AnalogiesandDifferencesBetweenOFDMandSCFDE. 54
2.10.4 InteroperabilityofSCFDEandOFDM................ 56
2.11 OFDMA:AnExampleofFutureApplications ................. 58
2.12 Conclusions.............................................. 60
References..................................................... 61
3 RecentAdvancesinLow-CorrelationSequences ................. 63
GaganGarg,TorHelleseth,andP.VijayKumar
3.1 Introduction.............................................. 63
3.2 CyclicHadamardDifferenceSets............................ 64
3.2.1 Introduction ...................................... 64
3.3 TheMeritFactorofBinarySequences........................ 71
3.3.1 Introduction ...................................... 71
3.4 Low-CorrelationQAMSequences ........................... 76
3.4.1 Preliminaries ..................................... 77
3.4.2 QuaternaryFamilyA .............................. 78
3.4.3 Canonical16-QAMFamilyCQ ..................... 78
3.4.4 ExtensionsandImprovements ....................... 80
3.4.5 Example:Generationofa16-QAMSequence.......... 83
3.5 Low-CorrelationZoneSequences............................ 84
3.6 AdditionalNotes.......................................... 86
3.6.1 MeritFactor...................................... 86
3.6.2 QAMSequences .................................. 87
3.6.3 Low-CorrelationZoneSequences .................... 87
3.7 Conclusions.............................................. 88
References..................................................... 88
4 ResourceAllocationinWirelessSystems ....................... 93
JonW.MarkandLianZhao
4.1 Introduction.............................................. 93
4.2 SystemModel ............................................ 95
4.3 TheInverseof(cid:2) ......................................... 99
S
4.4 ConvergenceofPowerDistributionLaw ......................100
Contents xi
4.4.1 WithZeroDisturbance .............................100
4.4.2 WithNonzeroDisturbance..........................102
4.4.3 WithPowerConstraints ............................103
4.4.4 CapacityAnalysis .................................105
4.5 OptimalDataRateAllocation...............................106
4.5.1 Assumptions .....................................106
4.5.2 OptimalSpreadingFactor(OSF)Selection ............107
4.5.3 RateSelectionforGRP.............................107
4.6 JointRateandPowerAdaptation ............................108
4.6.1 OSF-PC .........................................108
4.6.2 GRP-PC .........................................109
4.7 NumericalResults.........................................111
4.8 Conclusions..............................................115
References.....................................................116
5 IterativeReceiversandTheirGraphicalModels ................. 119
EzioBiglieri
5.1 Introduction..............................................119
5.2 MAPSymbolDetection....................................119
5.2.1 FactorGraphsandtheSum–ProductAlgorithm ........121
5.2.2 TheBasicFactorization ............................123
5.3 ChannelandCodes:AMenagerieofFactorGraphs.............124
5.3.1 ModelingtheChannel..............................124
5.3.2 ModelingtheCode ................................126
5.4 Equalization..............................................127
5.5 MultiuserDetection .......................................130
5.6 MIMODetection .........................................131
5.7 MultilevelCodedModulation ...............................133
5.8 ConvergenceoftheIterativeAlgorithm .......................133
5.9 Conclusions..............................................135
References.....................................................136
6 FundamentalsofMulti-userMIMOCommunications ............ 139
LucaSanguinettiandH.VincentPoor
6.1 Introduction..............................................139
6.2 SystemModel ............................................140
6.3 Capacity.................................................141
6.3.1 CapacityRegionoftheGaussianMIMOMAC.........142
6.3.2 GaussianMIMOBroadcastChannel..................150
6.4 Open-andClosed-LoopSystems ............................158
6.4.1 Open-LoopSystems ...............................159
6.4.2 Closed-LoopSystems..............................160
6.5 SystemDesign ...........................................160
6.5.1 ReceiverDesignforUplinkTransmissions ............160
6.5.2 TransmitterDesignforDownlinkTransmissions........161
6.6 LimitedFeedbackSystems .................................167