Resource Allocation for Smart Phones in 4G LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation

102 Pages·2012·1.03 MB·English

Resource Allocation for Smart Phones
in 4G LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
RebeccaL.Kurrle
ThesissubmittedtotheFacultyofthe
VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity
inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeof
MasterofScience
in
ElectricalEngineering
T.CharlesClancy,Chair
LamineMili
A.A.(Louis)Beex
November14,2012
Arlington,VA
Keywords: RateAllocation,4GLTE-Advanced,CarrierAggregation
Copyright2012,RebeccaL.Kurrle
Resource Allocation for Smart Phones
in 4G LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
RebeccaL.Kurrle
(ABSTRACT)
Thepurposeofthisthesisistoexploretheconceptofresourceschedulingandpricinganditsrela-
tiontocarrieraggregation. ThefirstmaintopicisamodifiedFrankKellyalgorithmthatallowsfor
the use of utility functions that are piecewise concave, but not a member of a strictly ’diminishing
return’model. ThisadjustmenttotheFrankKellyalgorithmallowsresourceallocationtotakeinto
account devices with multiple applications. The second topic introduces the idea of scheduling
resourcesinacarrieraggregationscenarioassumingthecarriersarescheduledsequentially.
Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Background 3
2.1 UtilityandCostFunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 CommonRateAllocationConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 FrankKellyAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 CarrierAggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 CarrierAggregationScenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6 AdditionalPhysicalLayerConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.7 UserHardwareConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.8 PreviousRateAllocationWorkforCarrierAggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.8.1 PacketSchedulingResourceAllocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.8.2 UserGrouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
iii
2.8.3 UtilityMaximization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 AlgorithmsandSimulationSetup 30
3.1 UtilityFunctionSet-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 ElasticUtilityFunctionApproximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3 CostFunctionAssumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4 ModifiedFrankKellyAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.5 RateAllocationAcrossMultipleCarriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.6 ScenarioConsiderationsandSimulationSet-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4 SimulationResults 46
4.1 ResultsofModifiedFrankKellyAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2 ResultsofRateAllocationforMultipleCarriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.2.1 Scenario1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.2.2 Scenario2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.2.3 Scenario3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2.4 Scenario4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.3 AdditionalResultConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3.1 Start-upandSteady-StateSolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3.2 Sub-optimalSolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5 ConclusionsandFutureWork 68
5.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.2 FutureWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
A ProgramSource 72
List of Figures
2.1 ExampleUtilityFunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 ExampleParetoFront,2Users[4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 USFrequencySpectrumAllocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 CarrierAggregationScenariosinFrequency[9] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 PrimaryandSecondaryCarriers[8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6 BaseStationScenarios[9] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.7 UserEquipmentExample[7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.8 RoundRobinScheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.9 EdgeversusCoreUsers[20] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.10 UserGroupingExample[22] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1 ExampleApplicationUtilityFunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 TotalUtilityFunctionExample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
vi
3.3 MarginalUtilityExample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4 ExampleMATLABScenario1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.5 ExampleMATLABScenario2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.6 ExampleMATLABScenario3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.7 ExampleMATLABScenario4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1 ConcaveFitUtilityFunctionConvergence,5Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2 Non-ConcaveUtilityFunctionConvergence,5Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3 ShadowPricesforConcaveFitFunctions,5Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.4 ShadowPricesforNon-ConcaveUtilityFunction,5Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.5 ExampleResourceAllocationError,5Users(User1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.6 ConcaveFitConvergence,10Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.7 Non-ConcaveUtilityFunctionConvergence,10Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.8 ConcaveFitConvergence,50Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.9 Non-ConcaveUtilityFunctionConvergence,50Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.10 ShadowPrice,ConcaveFitUtilityFunction,10Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.11 ShadowPrice,Non-ConcaveUtilityFunction,10Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.12 ShadowPrice,ConcaveFitUtilityFunction,50Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.13 ShadowPrice,Non-ConcaveUtilityFunction,50Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.14 RateAllocationErrorExample,User1,10UsersCase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.15 RateAllocationErrorExample,User1,50UsersCase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.16 ShadowPriceofScenario1,Carrier1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.17 ShadowPriceofScenario1,Carrier2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.18 ShadowPriceofScenario2,Carrier1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.19 ShadowPriceofScenario2,Carrier2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.20 ShadowPriceofScenario3,Carrier1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.21 ShadowPriceofScenario3,Carrier2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.22 ShadowPriceofScenario4,Carrier1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.23 ShadowPriceofScenario4,Carrier2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
List of Tables
2.1 DataRateRequirementsforCommonApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 SpectralEfficiencyofModulationandCodingSchemes[29] . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1 ConcaveFitFunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.1 FractionofCasesthatConverge,5Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2 ResourceAllocationError,5Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3 ResourceAllocationError,AllCases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4 ConvergenceofBaseStationScenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.5 SummaryofCarrierAggregationResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
ix
Chapter 1
Introduction
As smart phones and mobile computing become more commonplace, the demand on cellular net-
worksisontherise. Giventhelimitedfrequencybandavailabletocellularproviders,thisdemand
canexceednetworkcapacity. Lookingatthedemandfromtheperspectiveoftheuser,smartphones
have a large number of applications and most of them require network resources. In the current
3GPP 4G LTE standard, users are limited to one carrier [9]. In instances where one carrier does
not provide enough bandwidth for a given user, this user would experience a diminished Quality
of Serve (QoS) with slower applications [16]. A new feature of the 3GPP LTE-Advanced cellular
standard that will work to solve these problems, from the perspective of the network and user, is
carrieraggregation[7].
Thisnewfeatureof4GLTE-Advancedallowsformultiplecarrierstobeusedbyasingleuser[7].
The additional carriers per user will allow users to use their smart phones without a loss of QoS.
Carrieraggregationalsohelpstolessentheloadonthenetwork. Ifacarrieroutsidethetraditional
cellular frequency band can be used, the stress on the traditional cellular band will diminish [16].
Frequencybandsthatmayallowforthistypeofon-demandcarrieraggregationcanbeinthepublic
serviceband,previouslyreservedmilitarybands,orothernon-traditionalcellularbands.
1