Resistivity Recovery in Fe and FeCr alloys

188 Pages·2016·6.32 MB·English

by  Begoña Gómez-Ferrer (auth.)

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Begoña Gómez-Ferrer
Resistivity
Recovery in Fe
and FeCr alloys
123
SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences
and Technology
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8884
ñ ó
Bego a G mez-Ferrer
Resistivity Recovery in Fe
and FeCr alloys
123
BegoñaGómez-Ferrer
GroupedePhysiquedesMatériaux-UMR
CNRS6634
St.Éttiene duRouvray
France
ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inApplied SciencesandTechnology
ISBN978-3-319-38856-4 ISBN978-3-319-38857-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-38857-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016943465
©TheAuthor(s)2016
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A Francis y Ramón, mis padres.
Acknowledgments
Most of the content of this book arises from my early years as a researcher in my
former institution, CIEMAT. Therefore, most of the acknowledgements here are
devoted to the institutions which were involved in the project and the beautiful
people who contributed.
I would like to thank the European Fusion Development Agreement (formerly
EFDA and currently EUROfusion), CIEMAT, the Ministry of Economía y
Competitividad,theMadridCommunityfortheco-fundingoftheprojectwhichhas
given birth to this book and the Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión and CMAM
(UAM) for having provided all the necessary resources and facilities.
Concerning technical and formal aspects,I would like to thank myPh.D. thesis
director,RafaelVila,forhisbraveryinthisproject,andforhistimeandpatience,as
well as my thesis co-director, David Jiménez, for his follow-up and support. The
results from modelling provided in this work have been provided by
ChristopheJ.Ortiz,FernandoMotaandPabloGarcía-Müller,soImustthankthem
forthatandalsoforthefruitfulexplanationsanddiscussions.Iwouldliketothank
Jose F. Marco from CSIC for the results on Mössbauer spectroscopy and Ester
Rincón from CIEMAT for her support using ANSYS and also Agustín
González-Elipe and Jorge Gil from CSIC for the SiO deposits in the samples’
2
substrates. The success of the irradiations and measurements would not have been
possiblewithoutJuanManuelGarcía,IsabelGarcíaandAlfonsoRosfromCIEMAT
and thanks to the excellent technical team of the CMAM accelerator especially to
Jorge Álvarez, Aránzazu Maira, Ángel Muñoz, Abdennacer Nakbi, Jaime Narros
and Antonio Rodríguez, for the great quality of the support. I also would like to
express my gratitude to George Apostolopoulos, from NCSR “Demokritos”
(Greece) and Kenta Murakami, from the Tokyo University (Japan), for letting me
visit their laboratories and for sharing their experiences and their data and for the
interesting discussions. Finally, I would like to thank Lorenzo Malerba from
SCK(cid:129)CEN (Belgium) and Cristelle Pareige from Rouen Normandie University
(France) for theirinterest inthe topic and their suggestionsand discussion.
vii
viii Acknowledgments
This book would have never existed without Andresito, so thanks to him for
suggesting me to publish it, and also I want to thank my editor Mayra Castro for
givingmethisopportunity.Thestrengthandthesupporttocompletethisworkhave
trulycome frommanysides.First, frommyfamily,especiallymyparentstheyare
my gravitational centre, and without them, I could not have done it. From my
workmates who appreciate me and have helped me, especially the good friends
form thematerials group andtheguys fromthe 20th, thank you for thegames and
the friendship. Finally, from my close friends, the old ones and the less old ones,
just a special mention to some of them: Diana, Elisabetta, Juanma, Teresa, Laura,
Clara, Dídac, Juanan, Gádor, Elisa, Vicky and Álvaro. Thank you all, I mean it.
Contents
1 Thermonuclear Fusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 The Green Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Materials Problem in Fusion Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Modelling and Experimental Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Interest of Fe–Cr Alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 Resistivity and Experimental Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1 Resistivity Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.1 Electronic Band Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.2 Quantum Drude Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1.3 Matthiessen’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.4 SRO Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.5 Non-Simple Metals: The S–P Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.6 Magnetic Effects and Deviations from Matthiessen’s
Rule: The Two-current Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2 Radiation Effects on Resistivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3 Annealing Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3.1 Defect Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3.2 Rate Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4 Resistivity Recovery Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.5 Improved RR Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3 Experimental on Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 Four-point Probe Method: VdP Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2 Low-Voltage Measurement Technique: Delta Method . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3 System Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4 Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.5 Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.6 Resistivity and Temperature Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
ix
x Contents
4 State of the Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1 Accepted Picture in Pure Fe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2 Critical Review of Pure Fe Accepted Picture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.3 The Effect of Cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.3.1 Stage III Evaluation by Nikolaev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.4 The Contribution of Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5 RR in Fe and FeCr Alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.1 Fe–Cr Residual Resistivity Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.2 Defect Production by Electrons, Neutrons, and Protons . . . . . . . . 108
5.3 Samples and Irradiation Runs: Effects of C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Cr
5.4 RR Result in Pure Fe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5 RR Results in Fe–Cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.5.1 The Effect of C on Classical RR Results. . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Cr
5.5.2 The Effect of Improved RR Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.5.3 Final Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.5.4 Comparisons with the Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6 Outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163