Reservoir Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications

430 Pages·2019·11.63 MB·English

by  Sylvester Okotie

Sylvester Okotie · Bibobra Ikporo
Reservoir
Engineering
Fundamentals and Applications
Reservoir Engineering
(cid:129)
Sylvester Okotie Bibobra Ikporo
Reservoir Engineering
Fundamentals and Applications
SylvesterOkotie BibobraIkporo
DepartmentofPetroleumEngineering DepartmentofChemical&Petroleum
FederalUniversityofPetroleumResources Engineering
Effurun,Nigeria NigerDeltaUniversity
Yenagoa,Nigeria
ISBN978-3-030-02392-8 ISBN978-3-030-02393-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02393-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018959417
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019
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This book is dedicated to God Almighty for
Hiscontinuousprotectionandfordivineideas
given to us to write. Also to my lovely son,
Andre Oghenemarho Ononeme Sylvester, for
being such an inspiration. Also to a great
uncle, Ebipuado Sapreobi, for his continuous
encouragement and reassurance.
Foreword
IamdelightedtowritetheforewordforthefirsteditionoftheReservoirEngineer-
ing:FundamentalsandApplications.Havingreadthroughthecontentofthisbook
asateacherofpetroleumengineeringforseveralyears,Iamproudtosubmitthatthe
authorshavebeenabletoprovideapracticalresourcesolutionmanualforacademia,
governmentadvisersonoilandgasmatters,thepracticalprofessionalsintheoiland
gasindustry,andthegeneralknowledgeseekers.
The content is logically arranged, and each chapter contains practical-based
background information emphasizing core areas in reservoir engineering, viz.,
hydrocarbon reserves classification, methods of estimating hydrocarbon reserves,
aquifer fitting, material balance, decline curve analysis, inflow performance rela-
tionship,historymatching,andreservoirperformanceprediction,amongothers.
Thelayoutofeachchapterincludeslearningobjectives,abstractwithkeywords,
nomenclature, detailed write-up of the title in its simplest form, many solved
examples, and a concluding set of self-assessment questions designed to highlight
andreinforcethematerialsinthechapterandtotestthereader’sunderstandingofthe
subjectmatter.
A lot of effort has gone into the write-up of this volume to tell the story in an
intriguing and visually appealing way to make it useful and an efficient reference
material for all readers. The illustrations are generous in both size, layout, and
qualityformaximumclarity.
Ithinkthattheauthorsareconfidentthattherewillbemanygratefulreaderswho
will gain a broader perspective of the discipline of reservoir engineering. It is,
therefore, my hope and expectation that this book will immensely provide an
effectivelearningexperienceandreferenceresourceforallreaders.
PetroleumEngineering,Universityof SteveAdewole
Benin,BeninCity,Nigeria
vii
Preface
Thisbookhasbeenwrittenforthosewhodesiretohaveaproperunderstandingand
grasp of Reservoir Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications. This book pro-
videsrelevantdetailsinlogicalarrangementtoteach/trainundergraduateandmaster
students, postdoctoral fellow, scientists, and new employees, a refresher course to
experiencedengineerswhoarealreadypracticinginthefieldandlaypersonwhowill
findabodyofenjoyableandusefulinformationwithinthecoversofthisbook.
Tomakethisbookmorecomprehensiveintreatingreservoirengineeringfunda-
mentalsandapplications,thesuggestionsofsomeofourfriendsandcolleagueshave
beenincorporatedintothevariouschaptersofthisbook.Thereare11chapterswith
severalexamplesandself-assessmentexercisesinthisbook,eachchaptercoveringa
differentaspectofreservoirengineering.
Chapter1introducestheessentialfeaturesofareservoir,thehydrocarbonphase
envelope, types of reservoir fluid, flow regime, and reservoir geometry. Chapter 2
deals with the classification of hydrocarbon resources and reserves; Chapter 3 is
devoted to the volumetric method of reserves estimation. Chapter 4 covers the
various models for determining the amount of water encroaching the reservoir;
Chapter 5 deals with material balance equation for oil and gas under different
reservoir condition and primary reservoir drive mechanisms, while Chap. 6 deals
with the straight-line forms of material balance equations in Chap. 5. Chapter 7 is
devoted to decline curve analysis; Chapter 8 covers pressure regimes and fluid
contacts.Chapters9,10,and11dealwithinflowperformancerelationship,history
matching,andreservoirperformanceprediction.
Effurun,Nigeria SylvesterOkotie
Yenagoa,Nigeria BibobraIkporo
ix
Acknowledgments
Thisbookiswellwritteninitssimplestformofunderstandingofthesubjectandthe
style we deliver our lectures to students. Though it might not be a smooth ride in
trying to deliver the objectives of each chapter to them with rigorous assignments.
WewanttosincerelyappreciateourstudentsattheFederalUniversityofPetroleum
ResourcesandNigerDeltaUniversityovertheyearswehavetaughtthiscoursefor
their constructive criticism and correction of several mathematical errors. We are
certain that in no distance time, they will appreciate the knowledge we have
impacted.
Mostofthematerialsweregottenfromeducators,lecturenotes,engineersinthe
industry, online, manuals, and authors who have made numerous and significant
contributionstothesubjectmatterofreservoirengineering.Wesincerelyacknowl-
edgetheirmeaningfulcontributions.
Specialappreciationgoestoourlovelyspouses,Mrs.JessicaO.OkotieandEngr.
Yanayon Ikporo, for their encouragement, fortitude,and extraordinaryunderstand-
ing,whichenabledustostealmanyhoursfromourfamilieswhilewritingthisbook.
We appreciate our parents, Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Okotie and Ambassador and Mrs.
FelixOboro,forprovidinguswitheducation,inspiration,andconfidence.
Special appreciation goes to our friends and colleagues in academia and the oil
and gas industry for their constructive criticism and sharing their knowledge and
experiencebasedontheirunderstandingofthesubjectmatter.WeappreciateSteve
Ogiri for helping us with the drawing of some figures and Nengi Fiona Haribi-
Botoye,SolomonOsazuwa,andSandraOziomachukwuIbegbuleformathematical
errorchecking.
We also want to thank the Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Niger
DeltaUniversity,andtheDepartmentofPetroleumEngineeringatbothuniversities
forgivingustheplatformtobeteachingourstudentsthiscourse.
We acknowledge Springer Book Publishing for their confidence and valuable
assistant in publishing this book, particularly to Amanda Quinn for initiating this
project.Iwouldlike tothank theeditorial staff—inparticular,KiruthikaKumarof
SPiGlobal—fortheirworkandprofessionalism.WesincerelyappreciateKanimizhi
xi
xii Acknowledgments
Sekarfortypesettingandproductionofthisbook.Thiseditionofthebookcouldnot
havebeencompletedwithoutthemeaningfulcontributionsofProf.SteveAdewole
andOgbarodeN.Ogbon.
We would like to express our sincere appreciation to all those who have in one
way contributed to the success of this book, for their valuable contributions and
encouragementtomakesurethistextisareality.
However,theauthorswillbegratefultowelcomeconstructivesuggestionwhere
necessarytoimprovethequalityofthisbookandtoadvanceknowledge.Pleasesend
[email protected],[email protected]
[email protected].
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 DefinitionofaReservoir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 ElementsRequiredintheDefinitionofaReservoir. . . . 3
1.3 DrainageandImbibitionProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Drainage/DesaturationProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Imbibition/ResaturationProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 ReservoirEngineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.1 RoleorJobDescriptionofReservoirEngineers. . . . . . 9
1.4.2 TypesofReservoir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4.3 PhaseEnvelope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4.4 OilReservoirs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.5 TypesofReservoirFluids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5 TypesofFluidsinTermsofFlowRegimeandReservoir
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.5.1 ReservoirGeometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.5.2 FlowRegimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5.3 UnsteadyorTransient-StateFlow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.6 ProductivityIndex(PIorj). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.6.1 FactorsAffectingtheProductivityIndex. . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.6.2 PhaseBehaviourinPetroleumReservoirs. . . . . . . . . . 57
1.6.3 RelativePermeabilityBehaviour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.6.4 OilViscosityBehaviour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.6.5 OilFormationVolumeFactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.6.6 Skin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.7 ApplicationofDimensionlessParametersinCalculating
FlowRateandBottomFlowingPressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
xiii