Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering PDF
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Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN CORROSION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Committee on Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering National Materials Advisory Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract No. FA8501-06-D-0001 between the National Academy of Sci- ences and the Department of Defense and by awards 0840104 from the National Science Foundation and DE-FG02-08ER46534 from the Department of Energy. Any opinions, fndings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily refect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-16286-9 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-16286-6 This report is available in limited quantities from National Materials Advisory Board 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20001 Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonproft, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientifc and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal govern- ment on scientifc and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to asso- ciate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientifc and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH OPPORTuNITIES IN CORROSION SCIENCE AND ENgINEERINg DAVID J. DUQUETTE, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Co-Chair ROBERT E. SCHAFRIK, GE Aviation, Co-Chair AZIZ I. ASPHAHANI, Carus Corporation (retired) GORDON P. BIERWAGEN, North Dakota State University DARRYL P. BUTT, Boise State University GERALD S. FRANKEL, Ohio State University ROGER C. NEWMAN, University of Toronto SHARI N. ROSENBLOOM, Exponent Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. LYLE H. SCHWARTZ (NAE), University of Maryland JOHN R. SCULLY, University of Virginia PETER F. TORTORELLI, Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAVID TREJO, Oregon State University DARREL F. UNTEREKER, Medtronic, Inc. MIRNA URQUIDI-MACDONALD, Pennsylvania State University Staff ERIK B. SVEDBERG, Study Director EMILY ANN MEYER, Study Co-director (January 2009 to January 2010) TERI THOROWGOOD, Administrative Coordinator (until December 2009) LAURA TOTH, Program Assistant RICKY D. WASHINGTON, Executive Assistant Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD ROBERT H. LATIFF, R. Latiff Associates, Chair LYLE H. SCHWARTZ, University of Maryland, Vice Chair PETER R. BRIDENBAUGH, Alcoa, Inc. (retired) L. CATHERINE BRINSON, Northwestern University VALERIE BROWNING, ValTech Solutions, LLC JOHN W. CAHN, University of Washington YET MING CHIANG, Massachusetts Institute of Technology GEORGE T. GRAY III, Los Alamos National Laboratory SOSSINA M. HAILE, California Institute of Technology CAROL A. HANDWERKER, Purdue University ELIZABETH HOLM, Sandia National Laboratories DAVID W. JOHNSON, JR., Stevens Institute of Technology TOM KING, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KENNETH H. SANDHAGE, Georgia Institute of Technology ROBERT E. SCHAFRIK, GE Aviation STEVEN WAX, Strategic Analysis, Inc. Staff DENNIS I. CHAMOT, Acting Director ERIK SVEDBERG, Senior Program Offcer HEATHER LOZOWSKI, Financial Associate LAURA TOTH, Program Assistant RICKY D. WASHINGTON, Executive Assistant i Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering Preface Corrosion science and engineering is a complex and broad subject that is not well defned and is still evolving as the subject itself expands beyond the traditional one, “the destructive oxidation of metals,” to the subject of this report, “environ- mentally induced degradation of a material that involves a chemical reaction.” The newer subject matter encompasses a wide spectrum of environments and all classes of materials, not just metals, and it intentionally excludes degradation due to nonchemical processes such as creep, fatigue, and tribology. Some technologists perceive the corrosion research feld as moribund, but others, including the members of the National Research Council’s Committee on Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering, see the feld quite differently—as exciting, poised to make huge leaps. This optimism is based on many converging forces, including the better understanding of nanometer-level chemical processes, instrumentation not previously available that enables the inves- tigation of various phenomena, advances in heuristic- and physics-based materials modeling and simulation, and—especially important—societal expectations that the quality of life will continue to improve in all dimensions. The degree to which the committee successfully addressed its ambitious charge—to posit grand challenges for corrosion science and engineering and to suggest a national strategy to meet them—will be judged by the readers of this report. The committee hopes that this report will catalyze action to revitalize the corrosion science and engineering feld. Developing a national strategy for any technical feld is a highly ambitious goal, as is prioritizing the work that must be done to realize that strategy across all the ii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering P r e f a c e iii federal agencies. During its deliberations, the committee realized that thrusts in corrosion science and engineering research must be linked to engineering applica- tions in order to focus research and development efforts. What the committee was able to do was to develop a framework for a national strategy by identifying four corrosion grand challenges that serve as an approach to organizing new basic and applied corrosion research. Because most of the engineering applications in aggres- sive environments historically used metals, the committee was able to identify more corrosion research opportunities related to metals than to nonmetals. To the extent that it could do so, and based on the experience of its members and the information provided to it, the committee also identifed corrosion research opportunities for other materials systems. It expects that an appropriate mechanistic understanding of environmental degradation of nonmetals will lead to proactive approaches to avoiding corrosion or mitigating its effects, basing its ideas on the long experience with corrosion in metallic systems. However, although a few specifc such activi- ties are cited in this report, it will be the work of another body to identify research needs and opportunities related to corrosion in nonmetallic systems. Constituted in the fall of 2008, the committee was given the following the tasks: • Identify opportunities and advance scientifc and engineering understand- ing of the mechanisms involved in corrosion processes, environmental materials degradation, and their mitigation. • Identify and prioritize a set of research grand challenges that would fll the gaps in emerging scientifc and engineering issues. • Recommend a national strategy for fundamental corrosion research to gain a critical understanding of (1) degradation of materials by the environment and (2) technologies for mitigating this degradation. The strategy should recommend how best to disseminate the outcomes of corrosion research and incorporate them into corrosion mitigation. The committee, which was composed of experts in the feld as well as generalists and experts in complementary disciplines, explored accomplishments in corrosion research and its effects and assessed needs and opportunities that could be addressed by future research. The full committee met four times between December 2008 and September 2009: on December 18-19, 2008, at the National Academies’ Keck Center in Washington, D.C.; April 1-2, 2009, at the National Academies’ Beckman Center in Irvine, California; June 15-17, 2009, at the National Academies’ Keck Center in Wash- ington, D.C.; and September 1-2, 2009, at the J. Erik Jonsson Center in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The committee also held town hall sessions at the annual meetings of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers and the Minerals, Metals, and Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering P r e f a c e ix Materials Society to raise the technical community’s awareness of this study, and it prepared a questionnaire to solicit input from the corrosion community. This report complements the recent National Research Council report Assess- ment of Corrosion Education (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2009). Five of the present committee’s 14 members either served on the committee that wrote the 2009 report or participated as peer reviewers of that report. The main body of the present report comprises fve chapters. Chapter 1, “Corrosion—Its Infuence and Control,” sets the stage for the remaining four chap- ters of the report. It defnes “corrosion,” describes its societal impact, and discusses some of the successes of corrosion R&D. Chapter 2, “Grand Challenges for Corro- sion Research,” describes the process the committee used to develop the framework of grand challenges, lists the challenges, and then prioritizes them. Chapter 3, “Research Opportunities,” presents examples of basic research (the foundation of addressing all the grand challenges) and applied research that can signifcantly advance understanding of corrosion and mitigation of its effects, and also describes examples of instrumentation and techniques pertinent to progress in characteriz- ing corrosion processes. Chapter 4, “Dissemination of the Outcomes of Corrosion Research,” addresses technology transfer. The last chapter, “A National Strategy for Corrosion Research,” summarizes the key fndings and recommendations of the report. The six appendixes contain the statement of task (A); results of the com- mittee’s questionnaire on corrosion mitigation (B); a discussion on the modeling of corrosion (C); defnitions of the acronyms used in the report (D); a summary of current government programs relating to corrosion (E); and biographies of the committee members (F). David J. Duquette and Robert E. Schafrik, Co-Chairs Committee on Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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