Research on Nonhuman Primates

388 Pages·1984·9.365 MB·English

by  CHARLES E. CORNELIUS and CHARLES F. SIMPSON (Eds.)

ADVISORY BOARD
W. I. B. BEVERIDGE C. E. HOPLA
J. H. GlLLESPIE NORMAN D. LEVINE
W. R. HlNSHAW C. A. MITCHELL
W. R. PRITCHARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME
CHARLES E. AHLFORS HAROLD M. MCCLURE
C. H. BINFORD L. N. MARTIN
DOUGLAS M. BOWDEN W. M. MEYERS
FUMIAKI CHO G. MITCHELL
A. S. CLARKE N. R. MOUDGAL
PETER J. GERONE S. R. S. RANGAN
B. J. GORMUS BECKY K. ROLFS
M. HARBOE MEREDITH F. SMALL
SHIGEO HONJO DAVID GLENN SMITH
CHARLES F. HOWARD, JR. KENNETH F. SOIKE
JOSEPH W. KEMNITZ BONNIE R. STERN
NORVAL W. KING KEIJI TERAO
NORMAN L. LETVIN G. P. WALSH
FRED W. LOREY DARRELL D. WILLIAMS
R. H. WOLF
ADVANCES IN
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND
COMPARATIVE MEDICINE
Edited by
CHARLES E. CORNELIUS CHARLES F. SIMPSON
California Primate Research Center Department of Preventive Medicine
University of California, Davis College of Veterinary Medicine
Davis, California University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Volume 28
RESEARCH ON NONHUMAN
PRIMATES
Guest Editor
ANDREW G. HENDRICKX
California Primate Research Center
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
1984
®
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CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
CHARLES E. AHLFORS, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neo-
natology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacra­
mento, California 95817 (1)
C. H. BINFORD, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C.
20306 (201)
DOUGLAS M. BOWDEN, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sci­
ences, Department of Pharmacology, and Regional Primate Re­
search Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98195 (305)
FUMIAKI CHO, Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, The Na­
tional Institute of Health, Tsukuba 305, Japan (51)
A. S. CLARKE, Department of Psychology, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616 (25)
PETER J. GERONE, Microbiology Department, Delta Regional Primate
Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana 70433
(151)
B. J. GORMUS, Delta Regional Primate Research Center, Tulane Uni­
versity, Covington, Louisiana 70433 (201)
M. HARBOE, Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of
Oslo, Oslo 1, Norway (201)
SHIGEO HONJO, Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, The Na­
tional Institute of Health, Tsukuba 305, Japan (51)
CHARLES F. HOWARD, JR., Division of Metabolic and Immune Diseases,
Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
97006 (115)
JOSEPH W. KEMNITZ, Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center,
University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
(81)
NORVAL W. KING, New England Regional Primate Research Center,
Southborough, Massachusetts 01772 (237)
ix
X CONTRIBUTORS
NORMAN L. LETVIN, New England Regional Primate Research Center,
Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, and Dana-Farber Cancer In­
stitute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 (237)
FRED W. LOREY, Department of Anthropology, University of Califor­
nia, Davis, Davis, California 95616(1)
HAROLD M. MCCLURE, Division of Pathobiology and Immunobiology,
Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, At­
lanta, Georgia 30322 (267)
L. N. MARTIN, Delta Regional Primate Research Center, Tulane Uni­
versity, Covington, Louisiana 70433 (201)
W. M. MEYERS, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington,
D.C. 20306 (201)
G. MITCHELL, Department of Psychology, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616 (25)
N. R. MOUDGAL, Center for Advanced Study in Reproductive Biology,
Laboratory of Endocrine Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore 560012, India (343)
S. R. S. RANGAN, Microbiology Department, Delta Regional Primate
Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana 70433
(151)
BECKY K. ROLFS, California Primate Research Center, Davis, Califor­
nia 95616 (1)
MEREDITH F. SMALL, Department of Anthropology, University of Cal­
ifornia, Davis, Davis, California 95616, and California Primate
Research Center, Davis, California 95616 (1)
DAVID GLENN SMITH, Department of Anthropology, University of Cal­
ifornia, Davis, Davis, California 95616, and California Primate
Research Center, Davis, California 95616 (1)
KENNETH F. SOIKE, Microbiology Department, Delta Regional Pri­
mate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
70433 (151)
BONNIE R. STERN, California Primate Research Center, Davis, Califor­
nia 95616 (1)
KEIJI TERAO, Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, The Na­
tional Institute of Health, Tsukuba 305, Japan (51)
CONTRIBUTORS XI
G. P. WALSH, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C.
20306 (201)
DARRELL D. WILLIAMS, Medical Lake Field Station, Regional Primate
Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98195 (305)
R. H. WOLF, Delta Regional Primate Research Center, Tulane Univer­
sity, Covington, Louisiana 70433 (201)
PREFACE
This volume of Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative
Medicine is devoted to biomedicai research in primates. Two specific
areas are addressed: the conservation and breeding of the primate in
captivity and the use of primates as the animal model of choice for
human diseases.
Three contributions discuss the conservation and breeding of pri­
mates in captivity. The first covers the techniques of paternity exclu­
sion analysis using technology to identify phenotypes for a large
number of genetic loci. Providing genetically and genealogically well-
defined subjects for research and having the knowledge of genealogical
relationships among members of intact social groups make this new
technology an important aspect of breeding primates in captivity. The
second details the importance of behavioral primatology in conserving
the nonhuman primate. Predicting the behavior of the animal and
measuring stress can provide insight into group housing facilities and
behavior. The third discusses the establishment of the cynomolgus
monkey as a laboratory animal and the development of an artificial
breeding colony of primates. The various stages of conditioning, from
quarantine through genetic selection, are described.
The remaining contributions focus on the use of primates as animal
models for various human health-related problems. The importance of
the primate as a model for human disease cannot be overstated. Pri­
mates have biological, biochemical, and immunological systems sim­
ilar to the human and develop many spontaneous diseases that are
counterparts to naturally occurring human diseases. As such they are
invaluable in the investigation of the pathogenesis of diseases and
provide a mechanism for the evaluation of various experimental
therapeutic regimens. It should also be emphasized that biomedicai
research using primates has contributed significantly to advances in
veterinary care and to alleviating diseases and suffering among all
species.
Contributions to the study of obesity, diabetes mellitus, leprosy, ac­
quired immune deficiency syndrome, and aging are described in this
volume. An overview is also presented which discusses hemorrhagic
fever, influenza virus, hepatitis A and B, and various tumor viruses
and their relationship to the primate as an animal model. Another
contribution discusses yersiniosis, cystic fibrosis, mycobacteriosis, hy-
posplenic sepsis, and amyloidosis in primate research.
xiii
xiv PREFACE
Primate research has also made significant contributions in the area
of human reproduction. A number of species of primates exhibit consid­
erable similarities in their overall cycle length and duration of luteal
and follicular phases to that of the human. Primates, therefore, are
best suited to study these reproductive processes and thereby contrib­
ute to the development of contraceptive drugs for humans.
The contributions of my coauthors are greatly appreciated, as well as
the assistance from the staff members of Academic Press, in preparing
this volume. Encouragement from C. E. Cornelius is also gratefully
acknowledged.
ANDREW G. HENDRICKX
ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE, VOL. 28
Paternity Exclusion Analysis and Its Applications to
Studies of Nonhuman Primates
DAVID GLENN SMITH,* t MEREDITH F. SMALL,* t
CHARLES E. AHLFORS,i FRED W. LOREY,*
BONNIE R. STERN,t AND BECKY K. ROLFSt
* Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis,
California, fCalifornia Primate Research Center, Davis, California, and
^Department of Pediatrics, Division ofNeonatology, University of California,
Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
I. Paternity Exclusion Analysis (PEA): The State of the Art 1
A. The Purpose of PEA 2
B. Factors That Influence the Success of PEA 3
C. Potential Success of PEA in Rhesus Monkeys 6
II. Use of Paternity Exclusion Analysis in Studies of Nonhuman Primates.. 8
A. Monitoring Levels of Inbreeding in Captive Groups 8
B. Adaptive Significance of Genetic Variation 12
C. Studies of the Relationship between Kinship and Behavior 15
References 21
I. Paternity Exclusion Analysis (PEA): The State
of the Art
Paternity exclusion analysis has long been employed for resolving
cases of disputed paternity in humans. A wrongfully accused man can
be excluded from paternity of a given offspring if he lacks a gene that is
present in that offspring but not in that offspring's mother. The proba­
bility of excluding a wrongfully accused human from paternity using
all presently known techniques for identifying genetic variability ex­
ceeds 0.99, but the true father can never be ascertained unless he is
known to be among a restricted set of accused males all of whom are
tested (Chakraborty et al., 1974). While paternity of humans can never
1
Copyright © 1984 by Academic Press, Inc.
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
ISBN 0-12-039228-3
2 DAVID GLENN SMITH ET AL.
be proved in a court of law, the fathers of offspring born in captive
groups of nonhuman primates can be unequivocally determined.
A. THE PURPOSE OF PEA
Interest in applying paternity exclusion analysis to groups of non-
human primates emerged simultaneously with the development of the
technology to identify phenotypes for a large number of genetic loci in
at least some species and is broad in scope (Smith, 1982a). First, com­
parability of research by numerous investigators can be maximized by
providing for genetically and genealogically well-defined subjects for
research (Moor-Jankowski and Socha, 1980). Regional groups of some
species, for example, may share more genes in common, at certain loci,
with certain groups of a different species than with other regional
groups of their own species. Thus, researchers must be confident that
genetic differences between different groups of research subjects do not
influence experimental results.
Second, knowledge of genealogie relationships among members of
intact social groups permits the assessment of hereditary contributions
to morphologic, biomedicai, behavioral, or other factors under study
without distorting social interactions that can influence heritability.
Due to the close phylogenetic relationship between human and non-
human primates, such studies of nonhuman primates can document
animal models for the study of human disorders that are subject to
genetic influences. (See Cornelius and Rosenberg, 1983, for a review.)
Moreover, the incidence of certain genetic disorders in some species of
nonhuman primates, such as erythroblastosis fetalis due to maternal
fetal incompatibility (Wiener et al., 1977), can be minimized. The
health of the colony can also be improved by selective breeding with
respect to blood group phenotypes. Selective breeding for other desir­
able phenotypic characteristics under strong genetic control can also
be facilitated by applying paternity exclusion analysis to the recon­
struction of genealogie relationships involving animals that exhibit
these characteristics.
Third, since nonhuman primates are costly to acquire, breed, and
maintain, maximizing the reproductive success of breeding colonies is
paramount. Knowledge of the reproductive success of each adult male
in gang-caged social groups, for example, permits the removal of re-
productively unsuccessful males to time-mated breeding facilities
where social structural constraints on mating activity are minimized.
Further, in the absence of gene flow, the level of inbreeding and its
deleterious effects on reproductive success can increase rapidly even in