Research methods in education PDF
Preview Research methods in education
Research Methods in Education This rewritten and updated sixth edition of the long-running bestseller Research Methods in Education coversthewholerangeofmethods currentlyemployedbyeducationalresearchatallstages.Ithasfive main parts: the context of educational research, planning educational research, styles of educational research,strategiesfordatacollectionandresearchinganddataanalysis.Thebookcontains references toacomprehensivededicatedwebsiteofaccompanyingmaterials.Itcontinuestobethestandardtext forstudentsandlecturersundertaking,understandingandusingeducationalresearch. Thissixtheditioncomprisesnewmaterialincluding: complexity theory, ethics, sampling, sensitive educational research, researching powerful people, (cid:79) Internet-basedresearch,interviewingandsurveys expanded coverage of, and practical guidance in, experimental research, questionnaire design and (cid:79) administration anentirelynewpart,containingfivenewchapterscoveringqualitativeandquantitativedataanalysis (cid:79) includingcontentanalysis,groundedtheory,statisticsandhowtousethem,effectsize,andreporting data,allwithpracticalexamples detailed cross-referencing to a major educational resource web site designed specifically to run (cid:79) alongsidethisbook. ResearchMethodsinEducation,sixthedition,isessentialreadingforboththeprofessionalresearcherand anyoneinvolvedineducationalresearch. LouisCohenisEmeritusProfessorofEducationatLoughboroughUniversity,UK. LawrenceManionwasformerPrincipalLecturerinMusicatDidsburySchoolofEducation,Manchester MetropolitanUniversity,UK. KeithMorrisonisProfessorofEducationattheInter-UniversityInstituteofMacauandformerlySenior LecturerinEducationattheUniversityofDurham,UK. Research Methods in Education Sixth edition Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison Firstpublished2007byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 270MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness 2007LouisCohen,LawrenceManionandKeithMorrison This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library,2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedor reproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic, mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafter invented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinany informationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissionin writingfromthepublishers. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Acatalogrecordforthisbookhasbeenrequested ISBN 0-203-02905-4 Mastere-bookISBN ISBN10:0–415–37410–3(hbk) ISBN10:0–415–36878–2(pbk) ISBN10:0–203–02905–4(ebk) ISBN13:978–0–415–37410–1(hbk) ISBN13:978–0–415–36878–0(pbk) ISBN13:978–0–203–02905–3(ebk) ForLawrenceManion,awisecounsellorandagoodfriend Contents Listofboxes xiii Acknowledgements xvii Introduction 1 Part 1 Researchandevaluation 41 Thecontextofeducationalresearch Research,politicsandpolicy-making 46 Methodsandmethodology 47 1 Thenatureofinquiry–Settingthe field Part 2 Planningeducationalresearch Introduction 5 Thesearchfortruth 5 Twoconceptionsofsocialreality 7 Positivism 9 2 Theethicsofeducationalandsocial Theassumptionsandnatureof research science 11 Introduction 51 Thetoolsofscience 14 Informedconsent 52 Thescientificmethod 15 Accessandacceptance 55 Criticismsofpositivismandthescientific Thefieldofethics 58 method 17 Sourcesoftension 58 Alternativestopositivisticsocialscience: Voicesofexperience 61 naturalisticapproaches 19 Ethicaldilemmas 62 Aquestionofterminology:thenormative Ethicsandresearchmethodsin andinterpretiveparadigms 21 education 69 Phenomenology,ethnomethodologyand Ethicsandevaluativeresearch 70 symbolicinteractionism 22 Researchandregulation:ethicalcodesand Criticismsofthenaturalisticandinterpretive review 71 approaches 25 Sponsoredresearch 74 Criticaltheoryandcriticaleducational Responsibilitiestotheresearch research 26 community 75 Criticismsofapproachesfromcritical Conclusion 75 theory 29 Criticaltheoryandcurriculum research 30 3 Planningeducationalresearch Asummaryofthethreeparadigms 32 Theemergingparadigmofcomplexity Introduction 78 theory 33 Aframeworkforplanningresearch 78 Feministresearch 34 Aplanningmatrixforresearch 87 viii CONTENTS Managingtheplanningofresearch 93 Part 3 Aworkedexample 95 Stylesofeducationalresearch Conclusion 98 7 Naturalisticandethnographicresearch 4 Sampling Elementsofnaturalisticinquiry 167 Introduction 100 Planningnaturalisticresearch 171 Thesamplesize 101 Criticalethnography 186 Samplingerror 106 Someproblemswithethnographicand Therepresentativenessofthesample 108 naturalisticapproaches 188 Theaccesstothesample 109 Thesamplingstrategytobeused 110 Probabilitysamples 110 8 Historicalanddocumentaryresearch Non-probabilitysamples 113 Introduction 191 Planningasamplingstrategy 117 Choiceofsubject 192 Conclusion 117 Datacollection 193 Evaluation 194 5 Sensitiveeducationalresearch Writingtheresearchreport 195 Theuseofquantitativemethods 197 Whatissensitiveresearch? 119 Lifehistories 198 Samplingandaccess 121 Documentaryresearch 201 Ethicalissuesinsensitiveresearch 124 Researchingpowerfulpeople 127 Askingquestions 130 9 Surveys,longitudinal,cross-sectional Conclusion 131 andtrendstudies Introduction 205 6 Validityandreliability Somepreliminaryconsiderations 207 Planningasurvey 208 Definingvalidity 133 Surveysampling 211 Triangulation 141 Longitudinal,cross-sectionalandtrend Ensuringvalidity 144 studies 211 Reliabilityinquantitativeresearch 146 Strengthsandweaknessesoflongitudinal, Reliabilityinqualitativeresearch 148 cohortandcross-sectionalstudies 214 Validityandreliabilityininterviews 150 Postal,interviewandtelephone Validityandreliabilityin surveys 218 experiments 155 Eventhistoryanalysis 224 Validityandreliabilityin questionnaires 157 Validityandreliabilityin 10 Internet-basedresearchandcomputer observations 158 usage Validityandreliabilityintests 159 Introduction 226 Validityandreliabilityinlife Internet-basedsurveys 226 histories 164 Internet-basedexperiments 239 Internet-basedinterviews 241 CONTENTS ix Searchingforresearchmaterialsonthe 14 Actionresearch Internet 242 Introduction 297 Evaluatingwebsites 244 Definingactionresearch 297 Computersimulations 245 Principlesandcharacteristicsofaction GeographicalInformationSystems 251 research 299 Actionresearchascriticalpraxis 302 11 Casestudies Proceduresforactionresearch 304 Reflexivityinactionresearch 310 Whatisacasestudy? 253 Somepracticalandtheoretical Examplesofkindsofcasestudy 258 matters 311 Whyparticipantobservation? 260 Conclusion 312 Recordingobservations 260 Planningacasestudy 261 Writingupacasestudy 262 Part 4 Conclusion 263 Strategiesfordatacollectionand researching 12 Expostfactoresearch Introduction 264 15 Questionnaires Co-relationalandcriteriongroups Introduction 317 designs 265 Ethicalissues 317 Characteristicsofexpostfacto Approachingtheplanningofa research 266 questionnaire 318 Occasionswhenappropriate 268 Typesofquestionnaireitems 321 Advantagesanddisadvantagesof Askingsensitivequestions 333 expostfactoresearch 268 Avoidingpitfallsinquestionwriting 334 Designinganexpostfacto Sequencingthequestions 336 investigation 269 Questionnairescontainingfewverbal Proceduresinexpostfactoresearch 270 items 337 Thelayoutofthequestionnaire 338 13 Experiments,quasi-experiments, Coveringlettersorsheetsandfollow-up single-caseresearchandmeta-analysis letters 339 Pilotingthequestionnaire 341 Introduction 272 Practicalconsiderationsinquestionnaire Designsineducational design 342 experimentation 274 Administeringquestionnaires 344 Trueexperimentaldesigns 275 Processingquestionnairedata 346 Aquasi-experimentaldesign:the non-equivalentcontrolgroupdesign 282 Single-caseresearch:ABABdesign 284 16 Interviews Proceduresinconductingexperimental research 285 Introduction 349 Examplesfromeducationalresearch 287 Conceptionsoftheinterview 349 Evidence-basededucationalresearchand Purposesoftheinterview 351 meta-analysis 289 Typesofinterview 352
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