Report of the 120th round table on transport economics : held in Paris on 7th-8th november 2002 on the following topic: Transport and spatial policies : the role of regulatory and fiscal incentives

180 Pages·2004·2.172 MB·English

by  OECD

Tab GB 124 8/12/04 8:37 Page 1
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EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT AND SPATIAL POLICIES:
THE ROLE OF REGULATORY
AND FISCAL INCENTIVES
Anticipated growth in transport volumes means
addressing greater environmental damage and TRANSPORT AND SPATIAL
congestion, and increasing investment for
E
the expansion of infrastructure capacity. Transport
T
R R
policies in general and urban transport policies A POLICIES: THE ROLE
N T
in particular will have to find new ways of satisfying S
P
demands for both accessibility and lower levels of O N
R
mobility. Achieving this requires recognition of RET A E OF REGULATORY AND
the interdependence between transport and spatial GN C
UD
poalciccyo,u annt do ft hthe ed seysnigenrg oief si nasntidtu ttriaodnes- owffhsi cinh bwootuhl dfi etaldkse. LATO SPAT H FISCAL INCENTIVES
Lack of co-ordination between transport and RY ANIAL PO RC
spatial policies has negatively influenced DL
FIC A
the effectiveness of both areas to date. The Round ISIE
CS E
Table on Transport and Spatial Policies: The Role AL: T
of Regulatory and Fiscal Incentives identified INHE S
how isolated policy measures have curtailed CE R E
NO
the effectiveness of efforts in both of these areas. TL R
IVEE O R O U N D
SF C
The Round Table discussed ways to overcome the lack
of co-ordination between transport and spatial policies. I
124 M
Integrated planning procedures have to successfully T A B L E
deal with the departmentalisation of policymaking at O
R
all jurisdictional levels. The negative consequences O
N
U
of jurisdictional competition have to be avoided by
N
O
co-ordination between communities. The Round Table D

formulated proposals on how fiscal incentives can help TA C
to avoid the failure of interjurisdictional co-ordination. B E 12 4
L
E
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(75 2004 09 1 P) ISBN 92-821-2321-9 2004
cover-a.fm Page 1 Tuesday, December 7, 2004 10:04 AM
ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE
REPORT OF THE
HUNDRED AND TWENTY FOURTH ROUND TABLE
ON TRANSPORT ECONOMICS
held in Paris on 7th-8th November 2002
on the following topic:
TRANSPORT AND SPATIAL POLICIES:
THE ROLE OF REGULATORY
AND FISCAL INCENTIVES
EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT
cover-a.fm Page 2 Tuesday, December 7, 2004 10:04 AM
EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT (ECMT)
The European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) is an inter-governmental organisation
established by a Protocol signed in Brussels on 17 October 1953. It comprises the Ministers of
Transport of 43 full Member countries: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
FRY Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and
Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.
There are seven Associate member countries (Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand and the
United States) and one Observer country (Morocco).
The ECMT is a forum in which Ministers responsible for transport, and more specifically the inland
transport sector, can co-operate on policy. Within this forum, Ministers can openly discuss current
problems and agree upon joint approaches aimed at improving the utilization and at ensuring the
rational development of European transport systems of international importance.
At present, ECMT has a dual role. On one hand it helps to create an integrated transport system
throughout the enlarged Europe that is economically efficient and meets environmental and safety
standards. In order to achieve this, it is important for ECMT to help build a bridge between the European
Union and the rest of the European continent at a political level.
On the other hand, ECMT's mission is also to develop reflections on long-term trends in the
transport sector and to study the implications for the sector of increased globalisation. The activities in
this regard have recently been reinforced by the setting up of a New Joint OECD/ECMT Transport
Research Centre.
*
* *
Publié en français sous le titre :
POLITIQUES SPATIALES ET TRANSPORTS: LE RÔLE DES INCITATIONS RÉGLEMENTAIRES ET FISCALES
Further information about the ECMT is available on Internet at the following address:
www.oecd.org/cem
© ECMT 2004 – ECMT Publications are distributed by: OECD Publications Service,
2, rue André Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY REPORTS

Report by A. PRIEBS/A. DITTRICH-WESBUER (Germany)................................................5

1. Introduction and background.............................................................................................9
2. Present situation and nature of the problem (settlement and transport trends
in Germany).....................................................................................................................10
3. Field of action: the need to reinforce mandatory planning instruments.........................12
4. Field of action: the need for a stronger regional implementation level..........................20
5. Field of action: the need to reform pricing instruments in the transport sector..............23
6. Field of action: pricing instruments with respect to land...............................................33
7. Conclusions......................................................................................................................37

Report by S. HANDY (United States).......................................................................................49
Accessibility- vs. mobility-enhancing strategies for addressing automobile
Dependence in the United States
1. Introduction......................................................................................................................53
2. Accessibility vs. mobility.................................................................................................55
3. Mobility-enhancing strategies..........................................................................................58
4. Accessibility-enhancing strategies...................................................................................62
5. Mobility-limiting strategies.............................................................................................71
6. Conclusions......................................................................................................................75

Report by C. SESSA (Italy)........................................................................................................87

1. Introduction......................................................................................................................91
2. Why we need a broader perspective on urban transport policies....................................91
3. Improving the governance of cities and urban areas.......................................................93
4. The framework of urban public finance..........................................................................97
5. Fiscal co-ordination and equalization of fiscal disparities............................................101
6. Urban finance and equalization funds...........................................................................102
7. Integration of land use and transport: how to ensure the right fiscal incentives..........105
8. Value capture.................................................................................................................109
9. A tool to assist metropolitan governance: the urban accounting system......................111

© ECMT, 2004 3
Report by D. BANISTER (United Kingdom).........................................................................117

1. Introduction....................................................................................................................121
2. The principles of sustainable urban development.........................................................122
3. Constraints and options for change................................................................................124
4. Packaging of policies.....................................................................................................131
5. Barriers to implementation............................................................................................136
6. Overcoming barriers to implementation........................................................................139
7. Conclusions....................................................................................................................145

SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS

(Round Table debate on reports).................................................................................................153

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS..............................................................................................................175

4 © ECMT 2004
Axel PRIEBS
Region Hannover

Andrea DITTRICH-WESBUER
Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung (ILS)
Dortmund
Germany

© ECMT, 2004 5

SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND...................................................................................9
2. PRESENT SITUATION AND NATURE OF THE PROBLEM (SETTLEMENT AND
TRANSPORT TRENDS IN GERMANY)...................................................................................10
2.1. Settlement trends in Germany...............................................................................................10
2.2. Traffic trends and their causes..............................................................................................11
2.3. Fields of action......................................................................................................................11
3. FIELD OF ACTION: THE NEED TO REINFORCE MANDATORY PLANNING
INSTRUMENTS..........................................................................................................................12
3.1. The need for an integrated town and transport planning approach.......................................12
3.2. Regional concepts with regard to settlement structures........................................................13
3.3. Instruments for implementing regional settlement structure concepts..................................16
3.4. Conclusions with regard to the need to step up regional planning at regional level.............19
4. FIELD OF ACTION: THE NEED FOR A STRONGER REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATION
LEVEL..........................................................................................................................................20
4.1. Basic organisational models adopted by urban regions........................................................20
4.2. Conclusions concerning the need for a stronger regional implementation level...................23
5. FIELD OF ACTION: THE NEED TO REFORM PRICING INSTRUMENTS
IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR.................................................................................................23
5.1. Road pricing..........................................................................................................................25
5.2. Tax benefits granted for private car transport.......................................................................28
5.3. Motor fuel tax........................................................................................................................29
5.4. Motor vehicle tax..................................................................................................................31
5.5. Conclusions concerning pricing instruments in the transport sector.....................................32
6. FIELD OF ACTION: PRICING INSTRUMENTS WITH RESPECT TO LAND.....................33
6.1. Land tax (Grundsteuer).........................................................................................................34
6.2. Housing aid...........................................................................................................................35
6.3. Conclusions concerning pricing instruments in the land sector............................................37
7. CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................................37
NOTES.................................................................................................................................................39
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................42

Hanover, July 2002
© ECMT, 2004 7

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Underlying this paper, drawn up at the ECMT’s request, are the following ideas and objectives:
• Because there is such a high degree of interplay and interdependency between town planning
and transport policies, the two policy spheres are always taken together in the sense of a
co-ordinated transport and regional development policy.
• Our approach is based on the need for strict application and implementation of the principle
of sustainability and the “European city” model based on compact, dense and
multi-functional settlement structures (cf., for example, Beckmann, 2001). We are well
aware, however, that the aim of maximising mobility (opportunities) and fulfilling individual
housing demands, while at the same time minimising the impact on the environment, leads to
conflicts that are difficult to resolve. Nonetheless, we believe that through developing
compact and multi-functional settlement structures it is possible to reduce at least the extent
of forced mobility and interference with the natural balance and to retain or create the
necessary opportunities for future action.
• This paper focuses on the problems encountered in urban regions, not only because it is here
that settlement and transport trends continue to be the most problematic, but also because of
the opportunities that exist in such regions for developing settlement structures that save on
transport.
• For the sake of optimised regional development from an environmental, social and economic
perspective, the share of environment-friendly means of transport, and in particular local
public transport, must be significantly increased in relation to private motor transport. Given
the unacceptably harmful effects of traffic in Germany’s conurbations, the need to reduce
private motor transport must also be discussed.
In spite of these clear premises, it is important not to underestimate the complexity of the theme
of this paper or the different policy spheres where action is required. The only way of influencing
regional development so that it conforms to the aforementioned model is to take action on several
different levels.

© ECMT, 2004 9