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Report of the 120th round table on transport economics : held in Paris on 7th-8th november 2002 on the following topic: Transport and spatial policies : the role of regulatory and fiscal incentives PDF

180 Pages·2004·2.172 MB·English
by  OECD
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Preview Report of the 120th round table on transport economics : held in Paris on 7th-8th november 2002 on the following topic: Transport and spatial policies : the role of regulatory and fiscal incentives

Tab GB 124 8/12/04 8:37 Page 1 12 4 EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT TRANSPORT AND SPATIAL POLICIES: THE ROLE OF REGULATORY AND FISCAL INCENTIVES Anticipated growth in transport volumes means addressing greater environmental damage and TRANSPORT AND SPATIAL congestion, and increasing investment for E the expansion of infrastructure capacity. Transport T R R policies in general and urban transport policies A POLICIES: THE ROLE N T in particular will have to find new ways of satisfying S P demands for both accessibility and lower levels of O N R mobility. Achieving this requires recognition of RET A E OF REGULATORY AND the interdependence between transport and spatial GN C UD poalciccyo,u annt do ft hthe ed seysnigenrg oief si nasntidtu ttriaodnes- owffhsi cinh bwootuhl dfi etaldkse. LATO SPAT H FISCAL INCENTIVES Lack of co-ordination between transport and RY ANIAL PO RC spatial policies has negatively influenced DL FIC A the effectiveness of both areas to date. The Round ISIE CS E Table on Transport and Spatial Policies: The Role AL: T of Regulatory and Fiscal Incentives identified INHE S how isolated policy measures have curtailed CE R E NO the effectiveness of efforts in both of these areas. TL R IVEE O R O U N D SF C The Round Table discussed ways to overcome the lack of co-ordination between transport and spatial policies. I 124 M Integrated planning procedures have to successfully T A B L E deal with the departmentalisation of policymaking at O R all jurisdictional levels. The negative consequences O N U of jurisdictional competition have to be avoided by N O co-ordination between communities. The Round Table D formulated proposals on how fiscal incentives can help TA C to avoid the failure of interjurisdictional co-ordination. B E 12 4 L E -:HSTCSC=VWXWV]: (75 2004 09 1 P) ISBN 92-821-2321-9 2004 cover-a.fm Page 1 Tuesday, December 7, 2004 10:04 AM ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE REPORT OF THE HUNDRED AND TWENTY FOURTH ROUND TABLE ON TRANSPORT ECONOMICS held in Paris on 7th-8th November 2002 on the following topic: TRANSPORT AND SPATIAL POLICIES: THE ROLE OF REGULATORY AND FISCAL INCENTIVES EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT cover-a.fm Page 2 Tuesday, December 7, 2004 10:04 AM EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT (ECMT) The European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) is an inter-governmental organisation established by a Protocol signed in Brussels on 17 October 1953. It comprises the Ministers of Transport of 43 full Member countries: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, FRY Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. There are seven Associate member countries (Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand and the United States) and one Observer country (Morocco). The ECMT is a forum in which Ministers responsible for transport, and more specifically the inland transport sector, can co-operate on policy. Within this forum, Ministers can openly discuss current problems and agree upon joint approaches aimed at improving the utilization and at ensuring the rational development of European transport systems of international importance. At present, ECMT has a dual role. On one hand it helps to create an integrated transport system throughout the enlarged Europe that is economically efficient and meets environmental and safety standards. In order to achieve this, it is important for ECMT to help build a bridge between the European Union and the rest of the European continent at a political level. On the other hand, ECMT's mission is also to develop reflections on long-term trends in the transport sector and to study the implications for the sector of increased globalisation. The activities in this regard have recently been reinforced by the setting up of a New Joint OECD/ECMT Transport Research Centre. * * * Publié en français sous le titre : POLITIQUES SPATIALES ET TRANSPORTS: LE RÔLE DES INCITATIONS RÉGLEMENTAIRES ET FISCALES Further information about the ECMT is available on Internet at the following address: www.oecd.org/cem © ECMT 2004 – ECMT Publications are distributed by: OECD Publications Service, 2, rue André Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY REPORTS Report by A. PRIEBS/A. DITTRICH-WESBUER (Germany)................................................5 1. Introduction and background.............................................................................................9 2. Present situation and nature of the problem (settlement and transport trends in Germany).....................................................................................................................10 3. Field of action: the need to reinforce mandatory planning instruments.........................12 4. Field of action: the need for a stronger regional implementation level..........................20 5. Field of action: the need to reform pricing instruments in the transport sector..............23 6. Field of action: pricing instruments with respect to land...............................................33 7. Conclusions......................................................................................................................37 Report by S. HANDY (United States).......................................................................................49 Accessibility- vs. mobility-enhancing strategies for addressing automobile Dependence in the United States 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................53 2. Accessibility vs. mobility.................................................................................................55 3. Mobility-enhancing strategies..........................................................................................58 4. Accessibility-enhancing strategies...................................................................................62 5. Mobility-limiting strategies.............................................................................................71 6. Conclusions......................................................................................................................75 Report by C. SESSA (Italy)........................................................................................................87 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................91 2. Why we need a broader perspective on urban transport policies....................................91 3. Improving the governance of cities and urban areas.......................................................93 4. The framework of urban public finance..........................................................................97 5. Fiscal co-ordination and equalization of fiscal disparities............................................101 6. Urban finance and equalization funds...........................................................................102 7. Integration of land use and transport: how to ensure the right fiscal incentives..........105 8. Value capture.................................................................................................................109 9. A tool to assist metropolitan governance: the urban accounting system......................111 © ECMT, 2004 3 Report by D. BANISTER (United Kingdom).........................................................................117 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................121 2. The principles of sustainable urban development.........................................................122 3. Constraints and options for change................................................................................124 4. Packaging of policies.....................................................................................................131 5. Barriers to implementation............................................................................................136 6. Overcoming barriers to implementation........................................................................139 7. Conclusions....................................................................................................................145 SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS (Round Table debate on reports).................................................................................................153 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS..............................................................................................................175 4 © ECMT 2004 Axel PRIEBS Region Hannover Andrea DITTRICH-WESBUER Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung (ILS) Dortmund Germany © ECMT, 2004 5 SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND...................................................................................9 2. PRESENT SITUATION AND NATURE OF THE PROBLEM (SETTLEMENT AND TRANSPORT TRENDS IN GERMANY)...................................................................................10 2.1. Settlement trends in Germany...............................................................................................10 2.2. Traffic trends and their causes..............................................................................................11 2.3. Fields of action......................................................................................................................11 3. FIELD OF ACTION: THE NEED TO REINFORCE MANDATORY PLANNING INSTRUMENTS..........................................................................................................................12 3.1. The need for an integrated town and transport planning approach.......................................12 3.2. Regional concepts with regard to settlement structures........................................................13 3.3. Instruments for implementing regional settlement structure concepts..................................16 3.4. Conclusions with regard to the need to step up regional planning at regional level.............19 4. FIELD OF ACTION: THE NEED FOR A STRONGER REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATION LEVEL..........................................................................................................................................20 4.1. Basic organisational models adopted by urban regions........................................................20 4.2. Conclusions concerning the need for a stronger regional implementation level...................23 5. FIELD OF ACTION: THE NEED TO REFORM PRICING INSTRUMENTS IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR.................................................................................................23 5.1. Road pricing..........................................................................................................................25 5.2. Tax benefits granted for private car transport.......................................................................28 5.3. Motor fuel tax........................................................................................................................29 5.4. Motor vehicle tax..................................................................................................................31 5.5. Conclusions concerning pricing instruments in the transport sector.....................................32 6. FIELD OF ACTION: PRICING INSTRUMENTS WITH RESPECT TO LAND.....................33 6.1. Land tax (Grundsteuer).........................................................................................................34 6.2. Housing aid...........................................................................................................................35 6.3. Conclusions concerning pricing instruments in the land sector............................................37 7. CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................................37 NOTES.................................................................................................................................................39 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................42 Hanover, July 2002 © ECMT, 2004 7 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Underlying this paper, drawn up at the ECMT’s request, are the following ideas and objectives: • Because there is such a high degree of interplay and interdependency between town planning and transport policies, the two policy spheres are always taken together in the sense of a co-ordinated transport and regional development policy. • Our approach is based on the need for strict application and implementation of the principle of sustainability and the “European city” model based on compact, dense and multi-functional settlement structures (cf., for example, Beckmann, 2001). We are well aware, however, that the aim of maximising mobility (opportunities) and fulfilling individual housing demands, while at the same time minimising the impact on the environment, leads to conflicts that are difficult to resolve. Nonetheless, we believe that through developing compact and multi-functional settlement structures it is possible to reduce at least the extent of forced mobility and interference with the natural balance and to retain or create the necessary opportunities for future action. • This paper focuses on the problems encountered in urban regions, not only because it is here that settlement and transport trends continue to be the most problematic, but also because of the opportunities that exist in such regions for developing settlement structures that save on transport. • For the sake of optimised regional development from an environmental, social and economic perspective, the share of environment-friendly means of transport, and in particular local public transport, must be significantly increased in relation to private motor transport. Given the unacceptably harmful effects of traffic in Germany’s conurbations, the need to reduce private motor transport must also be discussed. In spite of these clear premises, it is important not to underestimate the complexity of the theme of this paper or the different policy spheres where action is required. The only way of influencing regional development so that it conforms to the aforementioned model is to take action on several different levels. © ECMT, 2004 9

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