Renewable resources and renewable energy : a global challenge

497 Pages·2012·26.641 MB·English

by  Graziani, Mauro, Fornasiero, Paolo

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EDITED BY
Fornasiero Paolo Fornasiero and Mauro Graziani
Graziani
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In the five years since the publication of the first edition of Renewable
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Resources and Renewable Energy: A Global Challenge, there E
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has been increasing interest in the design of new eco-efficient chemical N
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processes. This contributed second edition provides an intriguing and
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updated insight into selected aspects of the world of renewable resources E
and renewable energy. NW
New in the Second Edition EA
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• Updated chapters on bioplastics and bio-based chemical B
feedstocks and new chapters on aqueous-phase catalytic
AL
processing and glycerol upgrading
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• Revised chapters on environmentally degradable plastics and
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the performance of bio-based materials R
• New chapters on the use of fish gelatin and its applications E
E S E C O N D E D I T I O N
and on polymer blends based on rice straw and bagasse
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• New chapters on the uses of bioethanol and on solid oxide
fuel cells and electrolyzers and revised chapters on gasification NO
technologies, the uses of H2 in transportation, and molten EU OH HO O OH OH OH
carbonate fuel cells RR HO OH HO OH OH HO OH OH OH
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Sustainability is becoming a familiar concept in a world that is facing S FiscShyenrth-Tersoipssch C-C coupling
growing environmental pollution problems and progressive reduction of
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traditional energy sources. Although it cannot be exhaustive, this book is
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meant to serve as a reference on renewable resources. General principles
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are critically discussed together with practical applications, considering
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industrial viewpoints. Particular attention has been devoted to discussing L
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the situation of some representative transitional countries, whose O
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richness in renewable resources offers tremendous opportunities. E B
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K11860
SECOND
ISBN: 978-1-4398-4018-4
EDITION
90000
9 781439 840184

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Contents
Preface to Second Edition ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v
Preface to First Edition ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������vii
Editors �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix
Contributors ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi
Part I technologies for application and Utilization
of renewable resources
Chapter 1 Bioplastics: Principles, Concepts, and Technology ������������������������������������������������������3
Ramani Narayan
Chapter 2 Bio-Based Key Molecules as Chemical Feedstocks ��������������������������������������������������17
Herman van Bekkum
Chapter 3 Aqueous-Phase Catalytic Processing in Biomass Valorization to H
2
and Liquid Fuels ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37
Elif I. Gürbüz, Drew J. Braden, and James A. Dumesic
Chapter 4 Valorization of Bio-Glycerol ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������75
Mario Pagliaro and Michele Rossi
Part II Plastics and Materials from renewable resources
Chapter 5 Developments and Future Trends for Environmentally Degradable Plastics ������������91
Emo Chiellini and Andrea Corti
Chapter 6 Fish Gelatin: Material Properties and Applications �������������������������������������������������143
Bor-Sen Chiou, Roberto J. Avena-Bustillos, Peter J. Bechtel, Syed H. Imam,
Greg M. Glenn, Tara H. McHugh, and William J. Orts
Chapter 7 Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources:
Blends of Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) and Cellulose Acetate Derived
from Rice Straw and Bagasse �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������159
Mohamed El-Newehy, Arianna Barghini, Stefania Cometa, Stanislav Miertus,
and Emo Chiellini
iii
iv Contents
Chapter 8 Using Life Cycle Assessment to Evaluate the Environmental Performance
of Bio-Based Materials ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������189
Martin Weiss, Juliane Haufe, Barbara Hermann, Miguel Brandão,
Martin K. Patel, and Michael Carus
Part III technologies for renewable Energy
Chapter 9 Biomass Gasification for Second-Generation Fuel Production ��������������������������������213
Francesco Basile and Ferruccio Trifirò
Chapter 10 Future Perspectives for Hydrogen as Fuel in Transportation �����������������������������������243
Loredana De Rogatis and Paolo Fornasiero
Chapter 11 Technologies for Second-Generation Ethanol Based on Biochemical Platform ������289
Francesco Cherchi, Tommaso Di Felice, Piero Ottonello, Paolo Torre,
Renzo Di Felice, and Marco Merlo
Chapter 12 Efficient Distributed Power Supply with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells �������������������325
Peter Heidebrecht and Kai Sundmacher
Chapter 13 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers for Renewable Energy ����������������������������339
Michael D. Gross and Raymond J. Gorte
Part IV trends, Needs, and Opportunities in Selected
Biomass-rich Countries
Chapter 14 Research and Prospective of Next Generation Biofuels in India �����������������������������359
Arvind Lali
Chapter 15 Catalytic Technologies for Sustainable Development in Argentina �������������������������373
Carlos R. Apesteguía
Chapter 16 Biofuels and Biochemicals in Brazil ������������������������������������������������������������������������391
Eduardo Falabella Sousa-Aguiar, Nei Pereira, Jr�, Donato Alexandre
Gomes Aranda, and Adelaide Maria de Souza Antunes
Chapter 17 Biofuels and Biochemicals in Africa �����������������������������������������������������������������������455
Dorsamy (Gansen) Pillay and Ademola Olufolahan Olaniran
Preface to the Second Edition
In the five years since the publication of the first edition of Renewable Resources and Renewable
Energy: A Global Challenge, there has been increasing interest in the design of new eco-efficient
chemical processes� This has prompted us to review the current work in these areas� In Part I, we
have updated the chapters on bioplastics and bio-based chemical feedstocks and have added new
chapters on aqueous-phase catalytic processing and glycerol upgrading� In Part II, we have included
revised chapters on environmentally degradable plastics and the performance of bio-based materi-
als and have added new chapters on the use of fish gelatin and its applications and on polymer blends
based on rice straw and bagasse� In Part III, we have added chapters on the uses of bioethanol and
on solid oxide fuel cells and electrolyzers and have revised the chapters on gasification technologies,
on the uses of H in transportation, and on molten carbonate fuel cells� In Part IV, we have added
2
chapters dealing with developments in India, Brazil, and the African continent and have updated the
work being carried out in Argentina�
Although it cannot be exhaustive, this book is meant to serve as a reference on renewable
resources� General principles are critically discussed together with practical applications, consider-
ing especially industrial viewpoints� Particular attention has been devoted to discussing the situ-
ation of some representative transitional countries, whose richness in renewable resources offers
tremendous opportunities�
We wish to thank all contributors to this second edition�
v

Preface to the First Edition
The continuous increase of world population, especially in developing countries, is exponentially
enhancing the requirements of energy and raw materials� These goods represent the fundamental
needs to ensure a correct human development� The limited availability of resources makes urgent
the adoption of suitable strategies in the raw materials and energy sectors, in order to prevent an
economic and social emergency that, in the absence of adequate strategies, even not considering
pessimistic scenarios, will arrive sooner or later�
The fulfillment of the basic human needs, such as food, health, and acceptable environment
quality, requires enormous amount of energy� It is therefore urgent to act immediately, before it is
too late and the gap between developed and developing countries cannot be any longer filled� The
lack of adequate actions can lead to social worldwide perturbations that can be easily foreseen on
the bases of today’s situation�
The large-scale use of renewable resources is becoming an urgent must� It is generally accepted
that the renewable energy produced nowadays is well below the world potentiality and it contributes
only marginally to the human needs� This is due not only to economic reasons, related to the cost of
traditional–fossil resources and to political choices, but also to technological limitations� The real
problem is to know when science and technology will be able to answer to the open questions regard-
ing renewable materials and energy, allowing the adoption on global scale of well-considered decision
before the impoverishment of traditional energy sources becomes an unsolvable problem� Science and
technological development are the key tools for the achievement of these objectives� Therefore we
must become conscious that the progresses of scientific research and of its applications represent the
primary way to solve the major human problems� This “scientific optimism” cannot solve the problem
by itself, especially in the developing countries� In fact, in those countries the lack of infrastructures
and human resources with adequate scientific knowledge often precludes the possibility of carrying
out innovative research as well as the adoption of technologies derived from the developed world�
Many are the proposed sustainable solutions in the energy sector, but so far, only few are com-
petitive with the use of fossil hydrocarbons� These, besides being our primary energy source, are
important building block for the synthesis of most of the chemical products that we commonly use
every day� Therefore, the end of oil will lead not only to energy crisis, but it will affect also the
availability of most of the products that satisfy our elementary needs� In fact, 90% of the organic
substances derive, through chemical transformations/reactions, from seven oil derivates: ethylene,
propylene, butenes, benzene, toluene, xylene, and methane� Approximately 16% of oil is trans-
formed into chemicals� Notable is the fact that the extraction of oil is getting more and more expen-
sive� In 1920, the energy of 1 barrel of oil was sufficient for the extraction and the refinement of 50
barrels of oil� Nowadays, with the same energy input it is possible to get only 5 barrels�
The replacement of oil with new energy/raw feedstocks should not be our primary target� Our
reasonable objective must be the maximization of sources diversification� Some general aspects
must be constantly kept in mind� First, each geographic area has its own characteristic and resources�
Then, the distance between energy/raw materials sources and the cities, where the electricity and
the products are used, requires huge investments for transportation and distribution�
Beside the investments for the production, we have always to consider also those related to the exploi-
tation� The discontinuous availability of some energy/feedstock sources can be also a serious problem�
However, the richness in biodiversity, even considering the sensitivity to climate changes, and the
exploitation of agro-overproduction represent a great opportunity for some developing countries�
The possible use of agro-food waste for countries lacking in fossil resources, the needs of diversifi-
cation of resources, and the development of national/local capacities is an additional big challenge�
vii
viii Preface to the First Edition
Great attention is dedicated nowadays to the so-called “hydrogen economy�” It must be imme-
diately clarified that hydrogen is not an energy source, but it is an energy vector and it can be con-
sidered renewable� Its utilization in fuel cells leads to water as final product, and from water it can
be produced using solar energy� However, besides some promising experimental successes, today
hydrogen is still mainly produced from methane� New, clean, and efficient methods for hydrogen
production are necessary to really move to the “hydrogen economy�” In any case, science and tech-
nology, with their limitations, are the only way to the solution of the problem�
The importance of the topics related to the exploitation of renewable resources and renew-
able energy has been reflected in several international institutions and programs on global level�
European Union and United States have been coordinating their strategic plans setting up the work-
ing groups and cooperative programs� Need of promotion of these issues, especially in developing
countries, is underlined also within UNIDO programs on renewable energy�
Particular attention to the technologies of renewable feedstocks exploitation has been paid by
International Centre for Science and High Technology of UNIDO� Series of awareness and capac-
ity building programs together with pilot projects promotion in developing countries have been
organized by ICS-UNIDO� In fact, their effort has inspired the present initiative resulting in the
preparation of a comprehensive survey in this field� We appreciate the collaboration of Professor
Stanislav Miertus in this initiative�