Renewable heating and cooling : technologies and applications PDF
Preview Renewable heating and cooling : technologies and applications
Related titles TheBiogasHandbook:Science,ProductionandApplications (ISBN978-0-85709-498-8) SmallandMicroCombinedHeatandPower(CHP)Systems (ISBN978-1-84569-795-2) BiomassCombustionScience,TechnologyandEngineering (ISBN978-0-85709-131-4) Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 89 Renewable Heating and Cooling Technologies and Applications Edited by Gerhard Stryi-Hipp AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)CAMBRIDGE(cid:129)HEIDELBERG LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 80HighStreet,Sawston,Cambridge,CB223HJ,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UK Copyright©2016ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafety ofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-1-78242-213-6(print) ISBN:978-1-78242-218-1(online) BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015944791 ForinformationonallWoodheadPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ List of contributors Ruggero Bertani Enel Green Power,Italy Luisa F. Cabeza GREA Innovaci(cid:1)o Concurrent, Universitatde Lleida, Edifici CREA, Lleida, Spain Roberto Fedrizzi EURACResearch, Bolzano,Italy Stefan Hess Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Uli Jakob Dr Jakob Energy Research GmbH &Co. KG, Weinstadt, Germany; Solem Consulting, Berlin, Germany Jan Erik Nielsen PlanEnergi, Denmark Eduard Or(cid:1)o GREA Innovaci(cid:1)o Concurrent,Universitat de Lleida,EdificiCREA, Lleida, Spain Per AlexSørensen PlanEnergi,Denmark Wolfram Sparber EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy WolfgangStreicher InstituteforStructuralEngineeringandMaterialSciences,Unit of Energy Efficient Buildings, University ofInnsbruck, Innsbruck,Austria Gerhard Stryi-Hipp Fraunhofer Institute for Solar EnergySystems, Freiburg, Germany ClaesTullin SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Borås, Sweden Javier F. Urchueguia Technical School of IndustrialEngineering, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia,Spain ZhiqiangYin TsinghuaUniversity, Beijing, China Ruicheng Zheng Institute ofAirConditioning,China Academy of Building Research (CABR),Beijing, China Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy 1 Generating power at high efficiency: Combined cycle technology for sustainable energyproduction EricJeffs 2 Advancedseparationtechniquesfornuclearfuelreprocessingandradioactivewaste treatment EditedbyKennethL.NashandGreggJ.Lumetta 3 Bioalcoholproduction:Biochemicalconversionoflignocellulosicbiomass EditedbyKeithW.Waldron 4 Understandingandmitigatingageinginnuclearpowerplants:Materialsand operationalaspectsofplantlifemanagement(PLiM) EditedbyPhilipG.Tipping 5 Advancedpowerplantmaterials,designandtechnology EditedbyDermotRoddy 6 Stand-aloneandhybridwindenergysystems:Technology,energystorageand applications EditedbyJohnK.Kaldellis 7 Biodieselscienceandtechnology:Fromsoiltooil JanC.J.Bart,NatalePalmeriandStefanoCavallaro 8 Developmentsandinnovationincarbondioxide(CO )captureandstorage 2 technologyVolume1:Carbondioxide(CO )capture,transportandindustrial 2 applications EditedbyM.MercedesMaroto-Valer 9 Geologicalrepositorysystemsforsafedisposalofspentnuclearfuelsandradioactive waste EditedbyJoonhongAhnandMichaelJ.Apted 10 Wind energy systems: Optimising design and construction for safe and reliable operation EditedbyJohnD.SørensenandJensN.Sørensen 11 Solidoxidefuelcelltechnology:Principles,performanceandoperations KevinHuangandJohnBannisterGoodenough 12 Handbookofadvancedradioactivewasteconditioningtechnologies EditedbyMichaelI.Ojovan 13 Membranesforcleanandrenewablepowerapplications EditedbyAnnarosaGugliuzzaandAngeloBasile 14 Materialsforenergyefficiencyandthermalcomfortinbuildings EditedbyMatthewR.Hall 15 Handbookofbiofuelsproduction:Processesandtechnologies EditedbyRafaelLuque,JuanCampeloandJamesClark 16 Developmentsandinnovationincarbondioxide(CO )captureandstorage 2 technologyVolume2:Carbondioxide(CO )storageandutilisation 2 EditedbyM.MercedesMaroto-Valer xii WoodheadPublishingSeriesinEnergy 17 Oxy-fuelcombustionforpowergenerationandcarbondioxide(CO )capture 2 EditedbyLigangZheng 18 Small and micro combined heat and power (CHP) systems: Advanced design, performance,materialsandapplications EditedbyRobertBeith 19 Advancesincleanhydrocarbonfuelprocessing:Scienceandtechnology EditedbyM.RashidKhan 20 Modern gas turbine systems: High efficiency, low emission, fuel flexible power generation EditedbyPeterJansohn 21 Concentratingsolarpowertechnology:Principles,developmentsandapplications EditedbyKeithLovegroveandWesStein 22 Nuclearcorrosionscienceandengineering EditedbyDamienFéron 23 Powerplantlifemanagementandperformanceimprovement EditedbyJohnE.Oakey 24 Electricaldrivesfordirectdriverenewableenergysystems EditedbyMarkusMuellerandHenkPolinder 25 Advancedmembranescienceandtechnologyforsustainableenergyand environmentalapplications EditedbyAngeloBasileandSuzanaPereiraNunes 26 Irradiationembrittlementofreactorpressurevessels(RPVs)innuclearpowerplants EditedbyNaokiSoneda 27 Hightemperaturesuperconductors(HTS)forenergyapplications EditedbyZiadMelhem 28 Infrastructureandmethodologiesforthejustificationofnuclearpowerprogrammes EditedbyAgustínAlonso 29 Wastetoenergyconversiontechnology EditedbyNaomiB.KlinghofferandMarcoJ.Castaldi 30 Polymer electrolyte membrane and direct methanol fuel cell technology Volume 1: Fundamentalsandperformanceoflowtemperaturefuelcells EditedbyChristophHartnigandChristinaRoth 31 PolymerelectrolytemembraneanddirectmethanolfuelcelltechnologyVolume2: Insitucharacterizationtechniquesforlowtemperaturefuelcells EditedbyChristophHartnigandChristinaRoth 32 Combinedcyclesystemsfornear-zeroemissionpowergeneration EditedbyAshokD.Rao 33 Modernearthbuildings:Materials,engineering,constructionandapplications EditedbyMatthewR.Hall,RickLindsayandMerorKrayenhoff 34 Metropolitansustainability:Understandingandimprovingtheurbanenvironment EditedbyFrankZeman 35 Functionalmaterialsforsustainableenergyapplications EditedbyJohnA.Kilner,StephenJ.Skinner,StuartJ.C.IrvineandPeterP.Edwards 36 Nucleardecommissioning:Planning,executionandinternationalexperience EditedbyMicheleLaraia 37 Nuclearfuelcyclescienceandengineering EditedbyIanCrossland 38 Electricitytransmission,distributionandstoragesystems EditedbyZiadMelhem WoodheadPublishingSeriesinEnergy xiii 39 Advancesinbiodieselproduction:Processesandtechnologies EditedbyRafaelLuqueandJuanA.Melero 40 Biomasscombustionscience,technologyandengineering EditedbyLasseRosendahl 41 Ultra-supercriticalcoalpowerplants:Materials,technologiesandoptimisation EditedbyDongkeZhang 42 Radionuclidebehaviourinthenaturalenvironment:Science,implicationsand lessonsforthenuclearindustry EditedbyChristophePoinssotandHorstGeckeis 43 Calciumandchemicalloopingtechnologyforpowergenerationandcarbondioxide (CO )capture:Solidoxygen-andCO -carriers 2 2 PaulFennellandE.J.Anthony 44 Materials’ageinganddegradationinlightwaterreactors:Mechanisms,and management EditedbyK.L.Murty 45 Structural alloys for power plants: Operational challenges and high-temperature materials EditedbyAmirShirzadiandSusanJackson 46 Biolubricants:Scienceandtechnology JanC.J.Bart,EmanueleGucciardiandStefanoCavallaro 47 Advancesinwindturbinebladedesignandmaterials EditedbyPovlBrøndstedandRogierP.L.Nijssen 48 Radioactivewastemanagementandcontaminatedsiteclean-up:Processes, technologiesandinternationalexperience EditedbyWilliamE.Lee,MichaelI.Ojovan,CarolM.Jantzen 49 Probabilistic safety assessment for optimum nuclear power plant life management (PLiM): Theory and application of reliability analysis methods for major power plantcomponents GennadijV.Arkadov,AlexanderF.GetmanandAndreiN.Rodionov 50 Thecoalhandbook:TowardscleanerproductionVolume1:Coalproduction EditedbyDaveOsborne 51 Thecoalhandbook:TowardscleanerproductionVolume2:Coalutilisation EditedbyDaveOsborne 52 Thebiogashandbook:Science,productionandapplications EditedbyArthurWellinger,JerryMurphyandDavidBaxter 53 Advancesinbiorefineries:Biomassandwastesupplychainexploitation EditedbyKeithWaldron 54 Geologicalstorageofcarbondioxide(CO ):Geoscience,technologies,environmental 2 aspectsandlegalframeworks EditedbyJonGluyasandSimonMathias 55 HandbookofmembranereactorsVolume1:Fundamentalmaterialsscience,design andoptimisation EditedbyAngeloBasile 56 HandbookofmembranereactorsVolume2:Reactortypesandindustrial applications EditedbyAngeloBasile 57 Alternativefuelsandadvancedvehicletechnologiesforimprovedenvironmental performance:Towardszerocarbontransportation EditedbyRichardFolkson xiv WoodheadPublishingSeriesinEnergy 58 Handbookofmicroalgalbioprocessengineering ChristopherLanandBeiWang 59 Fluidizedbedtechnologiesfornear-zeroemissioncombustionandgasification EditedbyFabrizioScala 60 Managingnuclearprojects:Acomprehensivemanagementresource EditedbyJasDevgun 61 HandbookofProcessIntegration(PI):Minimisationofenergyandwateruse,waste andemissions EditedbyJi(cid:1)ríJ.Kleme(cid:1)s 62 Coalpowerplantmaterialsandlifeassessment EditedbyAhmedShibli 63 Advancesinhydrogenproduction,storageanddistribution EditedbyAhmedBasileandAdolfoIulianelli 64 Handbookofsmallmodularnuclearreactors EditedbyMarioD.CarelliandDanT.Ingersoll 65 Superconductorsinthepowergrid:Materialsandapplications EditedbyChristopherRey 66 Advancesinthermalenergystoragesystems:Methodsandapplications EditedbyLuisaF.Cabeza 67 Advancesinbatteriesformediumandlarge-scaleenergystorage EditedbyChrisMenictas,MariaSkyllas-KazacosandTutiMarianaLim 68 Palladiummembranetechnologyforhydrogenproduction,carboncaptureandother applications EditedbyAggelosDoukelis,KyriakosPanopoulos,AntoniosKoumanakosand EmmanouilKakaras 69 Gasificationforsyntheticfuelproduction:Fundamentals,processesandapplications EditedbyRafaelLuqueandJamesG.Speight 70 Renewableheatingandcooling:Technologiesandapplications EditedbyGerhardStryi-Hipp 71 Environmental remediation and restoration of contaminated nuclear and NORM sites EditedbyLeovanVelzen 72 Eco-friendlyinnovationinelectricitynetworks EditedbyJean-LucBessede 73 The2011Fukushimanuclearpowerplantaccident:Howandwhyithappened YotaroHatamura,SeijiAbe,MasaoFuchigamiandNaotoKasahara.Translatedby KenjiIino 74 Lignocellulosebiorefineryengineering:Principlesandapplications HongzhangChen 75 Advancesinmembrane technologiesforwatertreatment:Materials,processesand applications EditedbyAngeloBasile,AlfredoCassanoandNavinRastogi 76 Membranereactorsforenergyapplicationsandbasicchemicalproduction EditedbyAngeloBasile,LuisaDiPaola,FaisalHaiandVincenzoPiemonte 77 Pervaporation,vapourpermeationandmembranedistillation:Principlesand applications EditedbyAngeloBasile,AlbertoFigoliandMohamedKhayet WoodheadPublishingSeriesinEnergy xv 78 Safeandsecuretransportandstorageofradioactivematerials EditedbyKenSorenson 79 Reprocessingandrecyclingofspentnuclearfuel EditedbyRobinTaylor 80 Advancesinbatterytechnologiesforelectricvehicles EditedbyBrunoScrosati,J€urgenGarcheandWernerTillmetz 81 Rechargeablelithiumbatteries:Fromfundamentalstoapplications EditedbyAlejandroA.Franco 82 Calciumandchemicalloopingtechnologyforpowergenerationandcarbondioxide (CO )capture 2 EditedbyPaulFennellandBenAnthony 83 CompendiumofHydrogenEnergyVolume1:HydrogenProductionand Purificiation EditedbyVeluSubramani,AngeloBasileandT.NejatVeziroglu 84 Compendium of Hydrogen Energy Volume 2: Hydrogen Storage, Transmission, TransportationandInfrastructure EditedbyRamGupta,AngeloBasileandT.NejatVeziroglu 85 CompendiumofHydrogenEnergyVolume3:HydrogenEnergyConversion EditedbyFranoBarbir,AngeloBasileandT.NejatVeziroglu 86 CompendiumofHydrogenEnergyVolume4:HydrogenUse,Safetyandthe HydrogenEconomy EditedbyMichaelBall,AngeloBasileandT.NejatVeziroglu 87 Advanceddistrictheatingandcooling(DHC)systems EditedbyRobinWiltshire 88 MicrobialElectrochemicalandFuelCells:FundamentalsandApplications EditedbyKeithScottandEileenHaoYu 89 RenewableHeatingandCooling:TechnologiesandApplications EditedbyGerhardStryi-Hipp 90 SmallModularReactors:NuclearPowerFadorFuture? EditedbyDanielT.Ingersoll 91 FuelFlexibleEnergyGeneration:Solid,LiquidandGaseousFuels EditedbyJohnOakey 1 Introduction to renewable heating and cooling Gerhard Stryi-Hipp Fraunhofer Institutefor Solar EnergySystems, Freiburg, Germany Ourpresentenergysystem,constructedduringthepastcentury,willberadicallytrans- formed in the twenty-first century according the Group of Seven (G7) industrial nations, which ended their summit in June 2015 by talking of the “decarbonization of the global economy over the course of this century.” They promised to cut greenhouse-gas emissions by the “upper end” of a range between 40 and 70% of 2010levelsby2050(ECO,2015). Usuallypoliticiansmeanonlyelectricitywhentheytalkabout“energy,”besidesthe factthattheproductionofheataccountsforaroundone-thirdofglobalenergy-related carbondioxide(CO )emissionsandhalfofthefinalenergydemand(IEA,2014).One 2 reasonforthatisthetraditionalcentralizedelectricitysysteminwhichmostofthegen- erators and consumers are connected to the electrical grid, at least in industrialized countries.Thecollectivelyusedelectricalgridandtheneedforasecureelectricalsup- plyforcethegovernmentstoregulateandcontroltheelectricalsystem.Anotherreason isthatbuildinguptheelectricalsystembyelectrifyingstreetlighting,factories,house- holds,ruralareas,andrailwayswascontrolledfromthebeginninginthe1880sonby the individualstates(NEA,2015). In contrast, heating is traditionally decentralized because humans learned to use, preserve, and make fire more than 30,000years ago. Heat for cooking, domestic hot water,and space heating, aswellas for industrialprocesses istraditionally produced individuallyinbuildingsorclosetotheplacesofuse.Animportantdifferencetoelec- tricityisthatthereisthepossibility,butnottheneed,ofacentralizedheatsupplyby usingaheatinggrid.Centralizedheatsupplyiswellknownandwasusedforthefirst timebytheRomans3000yearsago.Thefirstdistrictheatingsystemtosupplyacity (cid:1) wasalreadybuiltin1332intheFrenchvillageofChaudes-Aigues,where82 Cther- malwaterwasdeliveredtobuildingsbywoodenpipes(Geo,2015).However,onlya smallshare of heat demand issupplied bydistrict heating systems today. Inrecentyears,theawarenessofgovernmentsandinstitutionsoftheimportanceof the heating sector is rising, due to strong fossil fuel price increases during the past decade,thegrowingfossilfuelimportdependencyofmostcountries,andthegrowing needofdecarbonization,whichisimpossiblewithoutastrongcontributionoftheheat- ing sector. In 2011, final energy heat consumption accounted for 171.5EJ globally, which corresponds to 50.6% of the total final energy use of 339EJ, whereas 65.1EJ (19.2%)wasusedaselectricityand102.4EJ(30.2%)inthetransportsector(Figure1.1). Globalenergyuseforheatof129EJ(75.2%)ismetwithfossilfuels.Fortypercentof RenewableHeatingandCooling.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-213-6.00001-1 Copyright©2016ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
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