Renewable Energy Systems: Advanced Conversion Technologies and Applications

864 Pages·2013·41.09 MB·English

by  Fang Lin Luo

RENEWABLE
ENERGY
SYSTEMS
Advanced Conversion Technologies
and Applications
IndustrIal ElEctronIcs sErIEs
Series Editors:
Bogdan M. Wilamowski
J. David Irwin
PuBlIsheD TITles
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Fang Lin Luo and Hong Ye
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RENEWABLE
ENERGY
SYSTEMS
Advanced Conversion Technologies
and Applications
FANG LIN LUO
HONG YE
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Preface..................................................................................................................xxiii
Author...................................................................................................................xxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction...........................................................................................1
1.1. Stars.in.the.Universe...................................................................2
1.2. Our.Mercury.Galaxy,.Nebulae,.and.Black.Hole........................5
1.3. Redshift.and.Big.Bang...............................................................5
1.4. Solar.System...............................................................................7
1.5. The.Earth..................................................................................12
1.5.1. The.Earth.Is.Round.....................................................14
1.5.2. Revolution.and.Rotation..............................................14
1.5.3. The.Earth.Is.a.Planet.in.the.Solar.System...................16
1.5.4. Layers.of.the.Earth......................................................17
1.5.5. Chemical.Composition.of.the.Earth’s.Crust................18
1.5.6. Water.on.the.Earth......................................................18
1.5.7. Plates...........................................................................19
1.5.8. The.Earth.Is.Very.Fragile...........................................20
1.5.9. The.Earth’s.Geological.Age........................................20
1.5.10. Protection.of.the.Earth................................................20
References...........................................................................................21
Chapter 2 New.Energy.Sources...........................................................................23
2.1. Nuclear.Fission.........................................................................23
2.1.1. Fission.Process............................................................23
2.1.2. Chain.Reactions..........................................................24
2.2. Nuclear.Fusion..........................................................................26
2.2.1. Fusion.Process.............................................................27
2.2.2. Hydrogen.....................................................................28
2.2.3. Fusion.Reactions.........................................................29
2.2.4. Hot.Fusion...................................................................30
2.3. Capture.of.Neutrino..................................................................31
2.3.1. Neutrino.......................................................................31
2.3.2. Neutrino.Sources.........................................................32
2.3.2.1. Artificial.......................................................32
2.3.2.2. Geological....................................................32
2.3.2.3. Atmospheric.................................................33
2.3.2.4. Solar.............................................................33
2.3.2.5. By.Supernovae.............................................33
v
vi Contents
2.3.2.6. By.Supernova.Remnants..............................34
2.3.2.7. By.the.Big.Bang...........................................35
2.3.3. Neutrino.Detection......................................................35
2.4. Conclusion................................................................................36
References...........................................................................................37
Chapter 3 3G.and.Renewable.Energies................................................................39
3.1. Distributed.Generation.............................................................39
3.1.1. Economies.of.Scale.....................................................39
3.1.2. Localized.Generation..................................................40
3.1.3. Distributed.Energy.Resources.....................................40
3.1.4. Cost.Factors.................................................................41
3.2. Microgrid..................................................................................41
3.3. Smart.Grid................................................................................42
3.4. Solar.Energy.............................................................................43
3.5. Renewable.Energy....................................................................46
References...........................................................................................48
Chapter 4 Power.Electronics................................................................................49
4.1. Symbols.and.Factors.Used.in.This.Book.................................49
4.1.1. Symbols.Used.in.Power.Systems................................49
4.1.1.1. Summary.of.the.Symbols............................51
4.1.2. Factors.and.Symbols.Used.in.AC.Power.Systems......52
4.1.2.1. Summary.of.the.Symbols............................54
4.1.3. Factors.and.Symbols.Used.in.DC.Power.Systems......55
4.1.3.1. Summary.of.the.Symbols............................55
4.1.4. Factors.and.Symbols.Used.in.Switching.Power.
Systems........................................................................56
4.1.4.1. Summary.of.the.Symbols............................58
4.1.5. Other.Factors.and.Symbols.........................................59
4.1.5.1. Very.Small.Damping.Time.Constant..........59
4.1.5.2. Small.Damping.Time.Constant...................60
4.1.5.3. Critical.Damping.Time.Constant................62
4.1.5.4. Large.Damping.Time.Constant...................62
4.1.6. Fast.Fourier.Transform................................................64
4.1.6.1. Central.Symmetrical.Periodical.Function......65
4.1.6.2. Axial.(Mirror).Symmetrical.
Periodical.Function......................................65
4.1.6.3. Nonperiodical.Function...............................65
4.1.6.4. Useful.Formulae.and.Data...........................66
4.1.6.5. Examples.of.FFT.Applications....................67
4.2. AC/DC.Rectifiers.....................................................................72
4.2.1. Historic.Problems........................................................72
Contents vii
4.2.2. Updated.Circuits..........................................................73
4.2.3. Power.Factor.Correction.Methods..............................73
4.3. DC/DC.Converters...................................................................73
4.3.1. Updated.Converter......................................................74
4.3.2. New.Concepts.and.Mathematical.Modeling...............74
4.3.3. Power.Rate.Checking..................................................74
4.4. DC/AC.Inverters.......................................................................75
4.4.1. Sorting.Existing.Inverters...........................................76
4.4.2. Updated.Circuits..........................................................76
4.4.3. Soft.Switching.Methods..............................................76
4.5. AC/AC.Converters....................................................................76
4.6. AC/DC/AC.and.DC/AC/DC.Converters..................................77
References...........................................................................................77
Chapter 5 Uncontrolled.AC/DC.Converters........................................................79
5.1. Introduction..............................................................................79
5.2. Single-Phase.Half-Wave.Converters.........................................80
5.2.1. R.Load.........................................................................80
5.2.2. R–L.Load.....................................................................82
5.2.2.1. Graphical.Method........................................85
5.2.2.2. Iterative.Method.1........................................86
5.2.2.3. Iterative.Method.2........................................87
5.2.3. R–L.Circuit.with.Freewheeling.Diode........................88
5.2.4. An.R–L.Load.Circuit.with.a.Back.emf.......................90
5.2.4.1. Negligible.Load-Circuit.Inductance............94
5.2.5. Single-Phase.Half-Wave.Rectifier.with.a.
Capacitive.Filter..........................................................94
5.3. Single-Phase.Full-Wave.Converters.........................................98
5.3.1. R.Load.........................................................................98
5.3.2. R–C.Load..................................................................102
5.3.3. R–L.Load...................................................................105
5.4. Three-Phase.Half-Wave.Converters.......................................107
5.4.1. R.Load.......................................................................107
5.4.2. R–L.Load...................................................................109
5.5. Six-Phase.Half-Wave.Converters............................................110
5.5.1. Six-Phase.with.Neutral.Line.Circuit.........................110
5.5.2. Double.Antistar.with.Balance-Choke.Circuit...........111
5.6. Three-Phase.Full-Wave.Converters........................................113
5.7. Multiphase.Full-Wave.Converters..........................................113
5.7.1. Six-Phase.Full-Wave.Diode.Rectifiers......................113
5.7.2. Six-Phase.Double-Bridge.Full-Wave.Diode.
Rectifiers...................................................................116
5.7.3. Six-Phase.Double-Transformer.Double-Bridge.
Full-Wave.Diode.Rectifiers.......................................118
viii Contents
5.7.4. Six-Phase.Triple-Transformer.Double-Bridge.
Full-Wave.Diode.Rectifiers.......................................119
References.........................................................................................119
Chapter 6 Controlled.AC/DC.Converters..........................................................121
6.1. Introduction............................................................................121
6.2. Single-Phase.Half-Wave.Controlled.Converters....................121
6.2.1. R.Load.......................................................................122
6.2.2. R–L.Load...................................................................123
6.2.3. R–L.Load.Plus.Back.emf.V......................................126
c
6.3. Single-Phase.Full-Wave.Controlled.Converters.....................128
6.3.1. α.>.ϕ,.Discontinuous.Load.Current...........................129
6.3.2. α.=.ϕ,.Verge.of.Continuous.Load.Current.................132
6.3.3. α.<.ϕ,.Continuous.Load.Current................................132
6.4. Three-Phase.Half-Wave.Controlled.Rectifiers.......................132
6.4.1. An.R.Load.Circuit.....................................................133
6.4.2. An.R–L.Load.Circuit.................................................135
6.5. Six-Phase.Half-Wave.Controlled.Rectifiers............................137
6.5.1. Six-Phase.with.Neutral.Line.Circuit.........................137
6.5.2. Double.Antistar.with.Balance-Choke.Circuit...........139
6.6. Three-Phase.Full-Wave.Controlled.Converters......................140
6.7. Multi-Phase.Full-Wave.Controlled.Converters......................143
6.8. .Effect.of.Line.Inductance.on.Output.Voltage.(Overlap).........147
References.........................................................................................150
Chapter 7 Power.Factor.Correction.Implementing.in.AC/DC.Converters........153
7.1. Introduction............................................................................153
7.2. DC/DC.Converterized.Rectifiers...........................................154
7.3. PWM.Boost-Type.Rectifiers...................................................161
7.3.1. DC-Side.PWM.Boost-Type.Rectifier........................163
7.3.1.1. Constant-Frequency.Control......................163
7.3.1.2. Constant-Tolerance-Band.
(Hysteresis).Control...................................163
7.3.2. Source-Side.PWM.Boost-Type.Rectifiers.................166
7.4. Tapped-Transformer.Converters.............................................168
7.5. Single-Stage.Power.Factor.Correction.AC/DC.Converters......171
7.5.1. Operating.Principles..................................................174
7.5.2. Mathematical.Model.Derivation...............................176
7.5.2.1. Averaged.Model.over.One.
Switching.Period.T ...................................176
S
7.5.2.2. Averaged.Model.over.One.Half.Line.
Period.T ....................................................177
L
7.5.3. Simulation.Results.....................................................180
7.5.4. Experimental.Results................................................181
Contents ix
7.6. VIENNA.Rectifiers................................................................181
7.6.1. Circuit.Analysis.and.Principle.of.Operation.............186
7.6.2. Proposed.Control.Arithmetic....................................189
7.6.3. Block.Diagram.of.the.Proposed.Controller.for.
VIENNA.Rectifier....................................................191
7.6.4. Converter.Design.and.Simulation.Result..................193
7.6.5. Experimental.Results................................................195
References.........................................................................................201
Chapter 8 Classical.DC/DC.Converters............................................................203
8.1. Introduction............................................................................203
8.2. Fundamental.Converters........................................................205
8.2.1. Buck.Converter..........................................................205
8.2.1.1. Voltage.Relations.......................................205
8.2.1.2. Circuit.Currents.........................................208
8.2.1.3. Continuous.Current.Condition.
(Continuous.Conduction.Mode).................209
8.2.1.4. Capacitor.Voltage.Ripple...........................209
8.2.2. Boost.Converter.........................................................210
8.2.2.1. Voltage.Relations.......................................210
8.2.2.2. Circuit.Currents.........................................212
8.2.2.3. Continuous.Current.Condition...................213
8.2.2.4. Output.Voltage.Ripple...............................213
8.2.3. Buck-Boost.Converter...............................................213
8.2.3.1. Voltage.and.Current.Relations...................213
8.2.3.2. CCM.Operation.and.Circuit.Currents.......214
8.3. Positive.Output.Buck-Boost.Converter...................................216
8.3.1. Buck.Operation.Mode...............................................217
8.3.2. Boost.Operation.Mode..............................................218
8.3.3. Buck-Boost.Operation.Mode.....................................218
8.3.4. Operation.Control......................................................218
8.4. Transformer-Type.Converters.................................................220
8.4.1. Forward.Converter....................................................220
8.4.1.1. Fundamental.Forward.Converter...............222
8.4.1.2. Forward.Converter.with.Tertiary.
Winding.....................................................226
8.4.1.3. Switch.Mode.Power.Supplies.with.
Multiple.Outputs........................................226
8.4.2. Fly-Back.Converter...................................................226
8.4.3. Push–Pull.Converter.................................................227
8.4.4. Half-Bridge.Converter...............................................228
8.4.5. Bridge.Converter.......................................................228
8.4.6. Zeta.Converter...........................................................230