Renewable energy : sources and methods

225 Pages·2010·12.282 MB·English

by  Anne E Maczulak

Renewable
Energy
SourceS and MethodS

Green TechnoloGy
Renewable
Energy
SourceS and MethodS
Anne Maczulak, Ph.D.
RENEWABLE ENERGY: Sources and Methods
Copyright © 2010 by Anne Maczulak, Ph.D.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Maczulak, Anne E. (Anne Elizabeth), 1954–
Renewable energy : sources and methods / Anne Maczulak.
p. cm.—(Green technology)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8160-7203-3 (hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-4381-2748-4 (e-book)
1. Renewable energy sources—Juvenile literature. I. Title.
TJ808.2.M33 2010
621.042—dc22 2009010352
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Text design by James Scotto-Lavino
Illustrations by Bobbi McCutcheon
Photo research by Elizabeth H. Oakes
Composition by Hermitage Publishing Services
Cover printed by Bang Printing, Brainerd, MN
Book printed and bound by Bang Printing, Brainerd, MN
Date printed: December 11, 2009
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
GT-RnewEnergy.fnl.indd 4 12/3/09 5:03:20 PM
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction xiii
1
Earth’sEnergySources 1
The World’s Appetite for Energy 2
Case Study: Western Energy Crisis, 2000–2001 6
Renewable or Nonrenewable 8
Oil 10
Sun’s Energy Stored in the Earth 14
Carbon Economics 16
Our Renewable Energy Resources 20
Smart Energy Grids 22
Social Aspects of Alternative Energy 24
Energy Programs in the Global Community 26
The U.S. House Subcommittee on Energy and
Environment 28
Conclusion 28
2
Recycling 31
The Grassroots History of Recycling 33
How Recycling Saves Energy 35
Industrial Raw Materials from Waste 39
Recycled Materials Chemistry 41
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 42
Minerals and Metals 44

Case Study: Recycling during World War II 46
Rubber Recycling 48
Conclusion 49
3
Gasoline Alternative Vehicles 51
Evolution of Alternative Vehicles 53
Biofuels 57
Case Study: Toyota’s Prius 58
Synthetic Fuels 62
Battery Power 64
Combustion 65
Fuel Cell Technology 66
Nuclear Fission and Fusion 69
Natural Gas Fuels 70
Next Generation Hybrids 72
Conclusion 74
4
Biorefineries 75
Today’s Refinery Industry 77
Pipelines 80
The U.S. Department of Energy 81
Case Study: Alaska’s Oil Economy 84
Biorefining Steps 86
Developing the Biorefining Industry 89
Conclusion 91
5
Innovations in Clean Energy 93
Alternative Energy Emerging 94
Wind, Wave, and Tidal Power 97
Solar Power 101
Solar Films 108
Hydropower and Geothermal Energy 109
Nuclear Energy 113
Direct Carbon Conversion 117
Fuel Cells 120
Conclusion 124
6
Green Building Design 125
Building Green Comes of Age 127
Controlling Energy and Heat Flows 129
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED) 131
Cooling and Ventilation 138
Insulation 140
Daylighting 142
Windows Technology 144
Water Conservation 146
Case Study: Four Horizons House, Australia 147
Managing Waste Streams 150
Off the Energy Grid 151
Conclusion 154
7
Energy from Solid Biomass 156
The Earth’s Biomass 158
Types of Biomass 160
The Phosphate Bond 163
Conversion to Energy and Fuels 164
The Energy Value of Garbage 166
A Biomass Economy 167
Case Study: The Chicago Climate Exchange 169
Conclusion 171
8
Future Needs 172
Appendixes 174
Glossary 184
Further Resources 190
Index 199

Preface
T
he first Earth Day took place on April 22, 1970, and occurred mainly
because a handful of farsighted people understood the damage being
inflicted daily on the environment. They understood also that natural
resources do not last forever. An increasing rate of environmental disasters,
hazardous waste spills, and wholesale destruction of forests, clean water,
and other resources convinced Earth Day’s founders that saving the envi-
ronment would require a determined effort from scientists and nonscien-
tists alike. Environmental science thus traces its birth to the early 1970s.
Environmental scientists at first had a hard time convincing the world
of oncoming calamity. Small daily changes to the environment are more
difficult to see than single explosive events. As it happened the environ-
ment was being assaulted by both small damages and huge disasters. The
public and its leaders could not ignore festering waste dumps, illnesses
caused by pollution, or stretches of land no longer able to sustain life.
Environmental laws began to take shape in the decade following the first
Earth Day. With them, environmental science grew from a curiosity to a
specialty taught in hundreds of universities.
The condition of the environment is constantly changing, but almost
all scientists now agree it is not changing for the good. They agree on one
other thing as well: Human activities are the major reason for the incred-
ible harm dealt to the environment in the last 100 years. Some of these
changes cannot be reversed. Environmental scientists therefore split their
energies in addressing three aspects of ecology: cleaning up the damage
already done to the earth, changing current uses of natural resources,
and developing new technologies to conserve Earth’s remaining natural
resources. These objectives are part of the green movement. When new
technologies are invented to fulfill the objectives, they can collectively
be called green technology. Green Technology is a multivolume set that
explores new methods for repairing and restoring the environment. The
iixx