Table Of Content

A project of Volunteers in Asia RemJe En- Resources and Rural Applications in the DevdoDina World Edited by: Norman L. Brown Published by: Westview Press 5500 Central Avenue Boulder, CO 80301 USA Paper copies are $13.50. Available from: Westview Press 5500 Central Avenue Boulder, CO 80301 USA Reproduced by permission of Westview Press. Reproduction of this microfiche document in any form is subject to the same restrictions as those of the original document. S Selected Symposia Series Published by Westview Press 5500 Central Avenue, Boulder, Colorado for the American Association for the Advancement of Science 1776 Massachusetts Ave., N. W., Washington, D.C. Renewable En Resou ces and eru Rur al Applic :ation .s in the Develo ping wo rld Edited by Norman L. Brown AAAS Selected Symposium 6 All rig:lts reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright 01978 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science Published in 1978 in the United States of America by Westvie-w Press, Inc. 5500 Central Avenue Boulder, Colorado 80301 Frederick A. Praeger, Publisher and Editorial Director Library of Congress Number: 77-18549 ISBN: O-89158-433-1 Printed and bound in the United States of America About the Book 1”3;:? energy Gtuation in developing countries is desperate. Because these countries are primarily dependent on fossi fue %a --chefly oil--for industrial! growth, they have been hard hi.5 by oil price increases. Ekrther, in the rural areas, where most of the population lives, there are Zimited supplies of increaSing.Ty e.xpensiue diesel fuel or kerosene. NoncorunerciaZ energy sources such as firewood, dung, and agricultural residues are generally used in rural areas, but under the pressure of growing popuZations the ,forests are disappearing. This is resuZting in a critical shortage of firewood for cooking and heating, as weZ I as in the destruction of the environment. In addition, when dung and agricuZtura2 residues are burned, vaZ- u&Ze fertizizers are destroyed. Thus, the rural areas--the sokrces of food and fiber-- face tion. a particuZa,-Zy akrming situa- SmaZZ-scaZe, decentralized technoZogiea for exploiting the sun r s energy, received directZy or as wind, fZowing water, or biomass, provide potential solutions to the problem of rura2 energy needs. These technologies have been the subject of numerous studies, including two by the NationaZ Academy of Sciences. In this volume, members of the two academy study paneZs have jo5wd with other experts to discuss the status of these technoZogies and to pZace them in a realistic context. Content.3 List of Figures ix List of Tables Foreword About the Editor and Authors xiii xv xvii bk!zoducticm--Norman L. Brown 1 1 Requiremnts forI3xergy in the Rural Areas of Developing Countries--Rogep ReveZZe 11 Enel=gy' in Seven Countries,13; Agricultura$. Need for More En.ergy,18; Conservation. and Storuge,BO; The Hills of NepaZ,21;* More E'xepgg for RuraZ lizdustries,25; Referel:ces, 26 2 Solar l3xergy in the Less Ikeloped Countries-- George 0. G. L0f 27 3 Photovoltaic Technology--Morton B. Prince 45 Introduction,45; Program GotiLs and Objectives, 46; Strategy,47; Additional Sbategy Activi- ties,48; Program PZan,49; AppZkatiom Suit- able for Rural Are& of Developing Countries, 50 4 Alternative bergy Technologies in Brazil-- Jo& M. MiccoZis Introdxction,53; The Brazilian Energy Picture, 54; AZtermtive Energy Production Technologies, 53 vii viii Contents ,- a ;‘ 5 ; Energy Conservation Measures,7i; Con- 2 hSZ;7?1S, 73; References, 74; Bibliogruphy, 7c ( ti 5 Wild berg-y Cunversicm in In&a--Sharat ii. TewQTi 77 3 Small Hydradie Prim Movers for Rural Areas of Develcping Countries: A hok at the Past-- cYoseph J. Ermene 89 XstoriqaZ Perspeetive,89; WaterwheeZs,95; The Overshot hkeeZ,lOl; The Undershot Ver- tiea ': &ZaterwheeZ, 104; The Undershot Hori- zontal WaterwheeZ,lO7; The Water Turbine, 109; Hydraulic Power Sites,lll; Summury, 11%; References,213 7 Wood Waste as an Ibergy Source in GJxma-- John W. PoweZZ 115 The Tropical High Forest of Ghana,llS; The Timber Industry,116; AvaiZabiZity e f Wood Waste and Ghana's En.ergy fleeds,ll?; Present Uses of Firewood and ChnrecaL,?20; lSame Developments in the Use of Wood Waste, 122; Developments in the Charcoal Burning Industry,l22; Greater Utilization of Wood Waste,125; Appendix 1: Some Approximate Statisties,l27; References,128 8 M&hanefrmHumn,Anbal,andAgricultural Wastes--Raymond C. Loehr 129 Introduction,129; Background,130; Factors Af- fecting Methane Production, 131; SZudge UtiZi- zation,l39; Gas Uti~ization,l40; CoZZeetion and Preyaration,l41; Equipment,l43; Operation, 145; Economies and FeasibiZity,146; Summary, 147; AcknowZedgements,l48; References and notes,149 S~mnary and Discussion--Roger ReveZZe . 151 List of Figures Chapter 2 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 ' Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Solar Water Heaters--Plastic Bag Type (Japan) Solar Water Heater--Collector and Storage Tank (Australia) Solar Water Heaters--Collector Testing (Australia) Solar Water Heater--Site-Built (United States) Space Heating with Solar Warm Air-- Storage Space Heating with Solar Warm Air-- Heating from Collector Space Heating with Solar Warm Air-- Heating from Storage Solar Heating with Passive Systems (France) Space Cooling with Solar Energy-- Absorption System Experimental Solar Heated Gelling and Greenhouse (Colorado State Uni- versity) Experimental Solar Grain Drying Equip- ment (Colorado State University) Regeneration of Batch-Type Refrigera- tion Unit with Solar Heat Solar Refrigeration with Ammonia *Absorption System (USSR) Solar Distillation of Salt Water (Chile, circa 1870) Solar Distillation of Sea Water (Florida, circa 1965) Solar Still for Desalting Water--Under Construction (Australian Design, 1972) iX 30 30 30 30 32 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 34 36 36 36 X List o-f Figw=+es Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure. 27 Figure'28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Chapter 6 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Solar Still for Desalting Water--Com- pleted (Australian Design, 1972) Solar Still for Desalting Sea Water (Potmos, Greece, 1967) Sloping, Ledge-Type Solar Still (USSR, i.975) Plastic Solar Still (Syme, Greece, 1965) Reflecting Solar Cooker (Indian Design, 19553 Solar Oven (United States Design, 1955) Reflecting Solar Cooker (USSR Design, 1975) Solar Cooker, Concentrating Type (United States, 1960) Solar Power Plant (Egypt, 1913) Cylindrical Plastic Film Solar Concen- trators for Small Electric Power Gen- erator (Israel, 1960) Solar Power Generator--Augmented Flat Plate (Italy, 1955) Solar Power Generator--Strptched Plas- tic Film Concentrator (USSR, 1960) Solar Power Gei:orators--Faceted Glass Mirror Concentrators (USSR, 1975) Solar Power Generator--Faceted Round Glass Mirror Concentrator (USSR, 1975) Gallo-Roman Flour Mill at Barbegal Mills on the Three-Mile-Long Newfound River in New Hampshire Small (Less than 100 Horsepower) Hydrau- lic Prime Mover Cycles Small Hydroelectric Stations Typical Layout of Micro Hydroplant Cost per kw of Small Scale Hydroelectric Package Units Undershot Waterwheel Overshot Waterwheel Horizontal Waterwheel Roman Undershot Waterwheel Francis Turbine and American/Francis Turbine Pelton Turbine Propellor Turbine 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 . 39 40 40 40 42 42 42 90 94 96 97 98 99 100 102 103 106 108 110 110 List of Figures Chapter 7 Figure 1 Annual Wood Flow in Ghana Chapter 8 Figure 1 Figure 2 Biogas Production as Related to the Tem- perature of the Digester and the Time of Digestion Schematic ,of a Small Scale Biogas Digester 118 138 144 List of Tables Chapter 1 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table. 4 Chapter 4 Table 1 Table 2 Chapter 7 Table 1 I Chapter 8 Table 1 Tabie Table 2 3 Estimated Per Capita Use of Energy in Rural Areas of Seven Developin< Countries Energy Uses in Rural India and Bangladesh Characteristics of Energy Use in Rural Areas of Seven Developing Countries Total Commerciai and Noncommercial Energy in India and Bangladesh Energy Sources in Brazil 55 Brazilian Energy Market in 1970 56 Average Weight of Wood and Charcoal Per Cord Run Agricultural Residues Having Potential for Methane Generation Estimated Manure and Biogas Production from Animal Wastes Quantities of Biogas Required for a Specific Application . . . X22-2 12 14 16 17 123 132 132 142 Foreword The AAAS SeZected Symposia Series was begun in 1977 to provide a means for more permanently recording and more widely disseminating some of the valuable material which is discussed at the AAAS Annual National Meetings. The volumes in this Series are based on symposia held at the Meetings which address topics of current and continuing significance, both within and among the sciences, and in the areas in which science and technology impact on public policy. The Series format is designed to provide for rapid dissemination of information, so the papers are not typeset but are reproduced directly from the camera copy submitted by the authors, without copy editing. The papers are reviewed and edited by the symposia organizers who then become the editors of the various volumes. Most papers published in this Series are original contributions which have not been previously published, although in some cases additional papers from other sources have been added by an editor to provide a more com- prehensive view of a particular topic. Symposia may be re- ports of new research or reviews of established work, partic- ularly work of an interdisciplinary nature, since the AAAS Annual Meeting typically embraces the full range of the sciences and their societal implications. WILLIAM D. WY Executhe Officer American Association for the Advancement of Science xv I. ‘1 1. !. I 1: o- I II i 1. I .P I. b I. ;,., ,: ,_ ,- About the Editor and Authors Norman L. Brown is country program speciaZist with the Office of International Aff&zrs at the Department of Energy. As such, he is chief techn<caZ adtriser to DOE’s program of energy development with Zess developed countries. His internat<onaZ +zterdiscipZinary background in science and technology, particutarty energy and food problems, has invoZved him in seeking and encourag&g appropriate technoZogicaZ sotutions. He mzs the staff study director for Energy for Rural Development: (National Academy of ScCences, 1976). Joseph J. Ermenc, professor of engineering at Dartmouth CoZZege, specializes in me&xnicaZ engineering and the his- 9 tory axd ph<Zosophy of technology development. He is the i author of an 8-voZume seties, Dartmough Readings on Techno- logy, and 38 vo Fumes of {nterviews with outstanding Cnnova- tom. He was a member of the NAS pane2 that contributed to Energy for Rural Development EMS, 1976). Raymond C. Loehr, director of the Environmenta Studies Program and professor of civit, envCronmentaZ and agricultur- aZ engheehag at CorneZZ Urrivers$ty, has pubZished over 100 technical papers and three books, incZud<ng Agricultural Waste Management (Academic Press, 1974) and Land as a Waste Management Alternative, which he edited. He is aZso an ad- vCsor to vaz4ous governmenta2’ and private orgmizatiions. George 0. G. Mf, director of the Solar Energy AppZica- tions Labotitory at ~oZcrado State Un<versity and vCce-president of the SoZamn Corporation in Denver, Cs the author of over 100 books and papers on energy conservation, solar energy uti Zization, eering. heat transfer, and environmental engCn- He is former president of the Internat&maZ Solar Energy Society and in 1976 received the Lyndon BaCnes John- son Founcktion awcLTd for contribution to the betterment of xvii About the Editor and Authors '*' .xvzz7/ mankind. He too was a member of the NAS panel on Energy for Rural Development. Jose'M. IcikmZb is special assistant to the president of' the National Council for Scientific Development of BraziZ in Rio de Janeiro, and dire&or of the Brazilian Science PoZ- iq Project at George Washington University. He is the auth- or of several publications concerning energy pcticy in Bra- ZiL. John W. PoweZZ, director of the Technology ConsuZtuzcy Centre at the University of Science and Technology in Kumasi, G?zana, has conducted a six-year study of smaZZ industries in Ghana. He is the athor and editor of two books in mechani- ca 2 engineering. Morton B. Pr&ce is acting director for photovoltaics of the Division of Solar Energy at the Department of Energy. In 2954, he deveZoped the BeZZ Solar Battery at the BeZZ TeZephone Laboratories, and Zater deveZoped commercial appZi- cations of the siZicon photovoZtaic ceZZ at the Hof.fman Else- tronics Corporation. Roger ReveZZe is professor of science and public polLicy at the Univers+ty of CaZifomia, San Diego, and the Richard SaZtonstatZ Professor of Population PoZiey at Harvard Univer- si-Q. He is former president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a member of the National Acadeq of Sciences, and the recipient of numerous honorary degrees. His numerous pubZications in the areas of geophysics, nation- a2 resource development, and popuZation studies incZude Survival Equation: Man, Resources, and His Environment (Houghton MiffZin, 19?2) and Population and Social Change (Crane-Russak, 1972), both of which he credited. Sharat K. Tewari, a scientist with the Wind Energy Group at the National Aeronautica Laboratory in Bangalore, India, is invoZved in analysis of wind energy as an alternative energy source, m-d hardware development in wind power. He has wtitten several papers in this field.