3 s k o o b e Remote Sensing rc u o s Handbooknt e m e g for Tropical Coastal Management a n a m al t s a o C | G N I H S I L B U P O C S E N U Coastal management sourcebooks 3 Other titles in this series: 1 Coping with beach erosion 2 Underwater archaeology and coastal management Remote Sensing Handbook for Tropical Coastal Management Edmund P. Green, Peter J. Mumby Alasdair J. Edwards and Christopher D. Clark Edited by Alasdair J. Edwards UNESCO PUBLISHING Department forInternational Development DFID is the British Government department responsible for promoting development and the reduction of poverty. The policy of the Government was set out in a White Paper on International Development published in November 1997. The central focus of the policy is a commitment to the internationally agreed targets to halve the proportion of people living in extreme poverty by 2015 together with the associated targets including basic health care provision and universal access to primary education by the same date. DFID seeks to work in partnership with governments which are committed to the international targets and also seeks to work with business, civil society and the research community to encourage progress which will help reduce poverty. DFID also works with multilateral institutions including the World Bank, United Nations agencies and the European Commission. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO promotes international cooperation in natural and social sciences, culture, communication and education in an effort to ‘build the defenses of peace in the minds of humanity’. Such co-operation benefits from the Organization’s capacity to integrate action from these different domains, for example, utilizing its Coastal Regions and Small Islands (CSI) initiative, launched in 1996. On the CSI platform, over 20 intersectoral pilot projects have been initiated involving some 60 countries, uniting decision-makers, local communities, cultural heritage experts, scientists and others. Interlinked UNESCO Chairs foster interdisciplinary training and capacity building for environmentally sustainable, socially equitable and culturally appropriate coastal development. On the basis of lessons learnt so far, a preliminary set of ‘wise practices’are being elaborated and widely disseminated. One such practice is to provide easy access to useful resource material; this publication is a prime example. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the UNESCO Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of their authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed are those of the contributors to this report and do not necessarily represent the views of the Organization. Published in 2000 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP Cover design:Jean-Francis Chériez Printed by Corlet, Imprimeur, S.A., 14110 Condé-sur-Noireau ISBN 92-3-103736-6 ©UNESCO 2000 k Foreword Interactions between the coastal environment and the line data against which the impacts of natural and anthro- peoplewho use its resources are still poorly understood. pogenic changes can be measured has been a significant In the developing countries many of these people are poor. constraint to effective planning. Demographic changes and economic development The challenges presented by these factors are huge and have increased demands on coastal resources. More they will only be tackled through working in effective people than ever are generating at least part of a liveli- partnerships at all levels, but particularly between the hood from activities which directly affect, or are affected development agencies. by, changes in the coastal environment. This Handbookis one of the products of a successful As these pressures grow, resource-use conflicts in partnership between UNESCO and the United Kingdom coastal regions could result in increased environmental Department for International Development (DFID). It degradation and social inequality. In such conditions the attempts to match user need to the level of technology livelihoods of poor people will be vulnerable. Extractive required for planning and monitoring. The information uses for food, income generation, medicines and building presented seeks to close the gap between managers materials and non-extractive uses for tourism continue to objectives/expectations and what can be realistically degrade coastal ecosystems. The widespread death of achieved in an operational context. It provides clear guid- corals following global bleaching events in 1998 have ance on the reliability, accuracy and cost of applications. further aggravated these pressures. Effective recommendations are provided to inform Although the present decade has witnessed substantial coastal management initiatives and projects supporting investment in environmental institutions, coastal man- sustainable livelihoods in coastal communities. agement planning has remained largely empirical with lit- We hope this Handbook will be a valuable reference tle detailed analysis of environmental components and and provide practical guidance for all who work towards their reaction to natural variation or resource use. The the goal of the sustainable and wise use of resources in absence of effective monitoring systems to generate base- coastal regions. ANDREW J. BENNETT Chief Natural Resources Adviser Department for International Development London DIRK G. TROOST Chief, Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands UNESCO Paris Editor’s note The field of remote sensing is fast evolving, with new how the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of the new sen- satellites being launched and new sensors developed sors may be assessed. every year. Inevitably any book on the subject is slightly Although specific costs (e.g. those stated in Chapter 5 out-of-date as soon as it is written. The Handbook sum- for various remote sensing products) may change, the marises the state-of-play in terms of operational use of type of information that needs to be gathered and com- remote sensing in coastal management applications in pared in order to decide which sensor may be most appro- 1998/1999. Since the bulk of it was written, several priate for user objectives, remains the same. Akey aim of important satellites, which will influence the application the Handbookis to allow users to take the methodologies of remote sensing to coastal management problems, have outlined here and apply these in their own countries for been launched. These include Landsat 7 carrying the their own objectives and thus be less reliant on outside Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), the Sea-viewing inputs. With the rapid development of PC computing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) for ocean colour power and decrease in the cost of appropriate hardware mapping, SPOT4 with the new High Resolution Visible and software, this is becoming a more achievable goal and Infra-Red (HRVIR) sensor, IKONOS 2 with its 1 m every year. To allow users to stay abreast of new develop- panchromatic and 4 m multispectral image data ments in the field we have included many URLs to key (www.ersi.bc.ca/ikonos.html), and the Indian Remote web sites both in the text and in Appendix 1. Sensing satellite IRS-1D with improved panchromatic The authors hope that the Handbookproves a valuable spatial resolution of around 5 m. Apart from IKONOS 2 sourcebook to all involved in managing coastal resources which was launched in late September 1999, these sensors or planning remote sensing campaigns to assist coastal are all discussed in the text but the implications of recent management initiatives. Whilst every attempt has been sensor developments and changes in pricing have yet to made to ensure the accuracy of the information presented, be evaluated fully for coastal management applications. in such a wide ranging book some errors or omissions are However, the protocols used to evaluate the range of sen- bound to have crept in, and I apologise in advance if such sors discussed in the Handbookprovide guidelines as to are found. ALASDAIR EDWARDS vii Foreword Acknowledgements This Handbookwould not have been possible without the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Man- generous help of the following people and organisations agement, Manila; Bob Clarke, Plymouth Marine Labora- and we are extremely grateful to them for their time, tory; The Groundbusters Corporation; Jean-Pierre Angers, advice, help or useful discussions. We thank: the Min- Centre University Saint-Louis-Maillet; Clive Anderson istry of Natural Resources of the Turks and Caicos and Coomaren Vencatasawmy, University of Sheffield Islands for logistical assistance during our fieldwork and (for statistical advice); Ian Sotheran and Rob Walton, in particular Christie Hall, Chris Ninnes, Paul Medley, SeaMap, University of Newcastle; Agneta Nilsson and Perry Seymore and John Ewing; the Environment Lieven Bydekerke UNEPEAF/14 Programme and other Research Programme of the UK Department for Interna- attendees of the UNEP-IOC Seagrass Assessment Work- tional Development for funding the research; Hugo shop in Zanzibar, 1997; Mick Sharp for his patient refor- Matus, Janet Gibson and David Vousden, UNDP/GEF matting of the book from Word into QuarkXPress; Judy Coastal Zone Management Project, Belize; Herb Ripley Preece for preparing some thirty figures. and Ariel Geomatics Incorporated; Angie Ellis; School for Field Studies, South Caicos; Alastair Harborne, Peter Raines, Jon Ridley and Coral Cay Conservation Ltd; all The book was pageset by Mick Sharp in QuarkXPress and respondents to questionnaire on use of remote sensing for Figures 1.1, 3.2-3.5, 5.7-5.8, 5.10, 5.15-5.17, 6.3-6.7, 7.1, tropical coastal zone management; the Belize Fisheries 7.3, 7.5, 8.1, 9.1-9.4, 10.3, 10.6-10.7, 11.2, 11.9-11.10, Department; John Turner, University of North Wales; 15.1, 16.1 and 19.1 were drawn by Judy Preece based on Charles Sheppard, University of Warwick; John McManus, the sources acknowledged. Contributors Production of the Handbookwas a team effort by the four authors. Alasdair Edwards had overall editorial control and oversaw production of the figures and plates. The lead authors on each section are listed in the Table of Contents along with the other members of the project team who had a significant input to those sections. Any queries on indi- vidual sections should be directed to the lead author of the section, at the addresses listed below. The book should be cited as: Green, E. P., Mumby, P.J., Edwards, A. J., Clark, C. D., (Ed. A. J. Edwards), 2000. Remote Sensing Handbook for Tropical Coastal Management. Coastal Management Sourcebooks 3, UNESCO, Paris. x + 316pp. Addresses EDMUND P. GREEN Centre for Tropical Coastal Management Studies, Department of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. Present address:World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. PETER J. MUMBY Sheffield Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. Present address: Department of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. ALASDAIR J. EDWARDS Centre for Tropical Coastal Management Studies, Department of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. CHRISTOPHER D. CLARK Sheffield Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. Table of Contents How to Use this Handbook 1 A. Edwards Guidelines for Busy Decision Makers 5 A. Edwards Background to the Research behind the Handbook 17 E. Green, A. Edwards Part 1: Remote Sensing for Coastal Managers: an Introduction 23 Chapter 1. Introduction to Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments 25 A. Edwards Chapter 2. Remote Sensing Objectives of Coastal Managers 31 P. Mumby, A. Edwards Chapter 3. Satellite and Airborne Sensors Useful in Coastal Applications 41 E. Green Chapter 4. Field Survey: Building the Link between Image and Reality 57 P. Mumby, E. Green Part 2: The Acquisition, Correction and Calibration of Remotely Sensed Data 67 Chapter 5. Acquisition of Remotely Sensed Imagery 69 P. Mumby, E. Green Chapter 6. Geometric Correction of Satellite and Airborne Imagery 93 E. Green, C. Clark, A. Edwards Chapter 7. Radiometric Correction of Satellite and Airborne Images 109 P. Mumby, C. Clark Chapter 8. Water Column Correction Techniques 121 P. Mumby, A. Edwards Part 3: Habitat Classification and Mapping 129 Chapter 9. Methodologies for Defining Habitats 131 P. Mumby Chapter 10. Image Classification and Habitat Mapping 141 E. Green, C. Clark, A. Edwards Chapter 11. Mapping Coral Reefs and Macroalgae 155 P. Mumby, E. Green
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