Remote Sensing for Environmental Data in Albania: A Strategy for Integrated Management PDF
Preview Remote Sensing for Environmental Data in Albania: A Strategy for Integrated Management
Remote Sensing for Environmental Data in Albania: A Strategy for Integrated Management NATO Science Series ASeriespresentingtheresultsofactivitiessponsoredbytheNATOScience Committee.TheSeriesispublishedbylOSPressandKluwerAcademic Publishers, inconjunction with theNATOScientificAffairsDivision. A. LifeSciences lOSPress B. Physics KluwerAcademicPublishers C. MathematicalandPhysicalSciences KluwerAcademicPublishers D. BehaviouralandSocialSciences KluwerAcademicPublishers E. AppliedSciences KluwerAcademicPublishers F. ComputerandSystemsSciences lOSPress 1. DisarmamentTechnologies KluwerAcademicPublishers 2. EnvironmentalSecurity KluwerAcademicPublishers 3. HighTechnology KluwerAcademicPublishers 4. ScienceandTechnologyPolicy lOSPress 5. ComputerNetworking lOSPress NATo-peO-DATABASE TheNATOScienceSeriescontinuestheseriesofbookspublishedformerlyintheNATOASI Series.AnelectronicindextotheNATOASISeriesprovidesfullbibliographicalreferences(with keywordsand/orabstracts)tomorethan50000contributionsfrom internationalscientists publishedinallsectionsoftheNATOASISeries. AccesstotheNATO-PCO-DATABASEispossibleviaCD-ROM"NATO-PCO-DATABASE"with user-friendlyretrievalsoftwareinEnglish,FrenchandGerman(WTVGmbHandDATAWARE TechnologiesInc.1989). TheCD-ROMoftheNATOASISeriescanbeorderedfrom:PCO,Overijse,Belgium Series2.EnvironmentSecurity- Vol.72 Remote Sensing for Environmental Data in Albania: A Strategy for Integrated Management edited by Manfred F. Buchroithner Dresden University of Technology, Institute for Cartography, Dresden, Germany 111... " Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Remote Sensing for Environmental Data in Albania: A Strategy for Integrated Management 6 to 10 October 1999 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7923-6528-0 ISBN 978-94-011-4357-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4357-8 Printed on acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ ing photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLEOFCONTENTS Preface vii Acknowledgements... ix Opening Address 1 Dr. AlfredMoisiu Opening Address.. 7 Dr. MyslymPasha Opening Address . 9 Prof Dr. Ergjin Samimi EnvironmentalProblemsofAlbania. 13 PerikliQiriaziandSkenderSala AvailabilityofCurrentSpaceborneEarthObservationData 31 Wolfgang Baetz MappingfromSpace..... 41 GottfriedKonecny WWWInformationServicesforEarthObservationandEnvironmental Information 59 NinaD. Costa, MichelMillot, CliveBestandBerndtEckhard MapMaking withRemoteSensing Data 65 ThierryToutin LandCover- LandUseMappingwithintheEuropeanCORINEProgramme 89 GeorgeBiittner, C. Steenmans, M. Bossard, J. FeranecandJ. Kolar Computer-assistedLargeAreaLand UseClassificationwithOpticalRemote Sensing 101 NikolasPrechtel ExperienceswiththeImplementationofGISandRemoteSensingintheCzech ForestManagement 127 Tomas Benes ResourceAssessmentsandLandDegradationMonitoring withEarthObservation Satellites 133 Joachim Hill vi CoastalZoneGeomorphologicalMappingUsingLandsatTMImagery: An ApplicationinCentral Albania 153 PaoloCiavola, U. Tessari, F. Mantovani, M. MarzottoandU. Simeoni SnowRunoffModelsUsingRemotelySensedData 165 EberhardParlow GIS andSpatialDatabasesforLandMineMapping 179 HelmutKraenzle InfrastructureRequirementsforNon-motorisedTransport 187 RoadsandStreetsforAnimal-basedTransportation EveIversen PotentialsandLimitationsofTechnologyTransferintheDevelopmentCo- operation,ShownfortheTransferofInformationTechnology................................. 211 AppropriateInformation Technology Transfer: A Contribution to Development GerhardBechtholdandBertholdHansmann ManifestoofTirana - Resolution ofNATO Remote Sensing& GIS Workshop 1999..................... 221 ListofSpeakers......... 223 Appendix....... 227 SubjectIndex 241 PREFACE From October 6th to 10th 1999 a NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on "Remote Sensing for Environmental Data in Albania - A Strategy for Integrated Management" tookplace in thePalace ofCulture inTirana, Albania'scapital. It would take too long to recall here in detail how this event finally came about. (Some aspects are, anyway, given in the opening address of Ergjin Samimi. (Cf. page 9 of this volume.) Let me just briefly state that after the first submission of the initial idea to NATO it took more than three years until I, as the designated Workshop Director was, inconjunction with Brussels, able to decide that the ARW shouldtakeplaceinOctober 1999. Some two weeks after this decision had been made, however, the allied NATO airforces started their attackson Serbia and the whole region was in a riot. Aperiod of anxious waiting for stable - or at least secure - conditions in the Tirana area began. In closecontact with the NATO Headquarters we proceeded in our preparatory work and couldeventually,induetimebeforethesummerbreak,confirmtheannounced ARW to all invitedspeakersandourfriends from Albaniaandsurroundingcountries. TheWorkshop, withits high-levelscientific and technical presentations, stimulating discussions, social events before and after work and the speakers' field excursion to Kruja, Albania's former capital, with its magnificent mountain hinterland was - in everybody'sopinion-acompletesuccess. Being the first of its kind in the Balkans, the ARW tried to show the enormous potential of both remote sensing and GIS technology for Albania, Kosovo and the whole region. Through the selectionofspeakers and topics we did not only succeed in covering the whole spectrum of relevant remote sensing applications but also to document it with concrete examples and link it with geo-information data bases. Lecturers from the U.S.A., Canada and WesternEurope, butalso from former socialist countries, guaranteed the workshop participants a good mix of experiences. The availability ofdemonstration facilities for digital data sets and software, together with theexcellentlypreparedvenueatTirana'sPalaceofCulturealsocontributedto the high degreeofefficiencyofthelectureseries. The Workshop was directed towards a wide spectrum of participants reaching from advanced students in environmental, social, engineering and goo-sciences via employeesoftechnical bureaus and administrative authorities up to decision makers on industrial management and ministerial level. The "Manifesto of Tirana" which was jointlyphrasedandunanimouslyadoptedbylecturersand participantsonthe lastday of the ARW outlines a possible strategy and master action plan for the implementation of remote sensing and GIS technology in Albania. This request for urgent implementation was subsequently sent to the President and the Prime Minister of Albania and to all relevant ministries. I hope that it will be translated into action soon. This would then mean a long-term "sustainability" of the NATO ARW "Remote Sensing for EnvironmentalDatainAlbania-AStrategyforIntegratedManagement". Dresden,Germany,May2000 ManfredF.Buchroithner WorkshopDirector vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AsWorkshopDirectorandEditorofthis volumeIshouldliketoconveymy gratitudeto NATO and their initiative "Science for Peace". The Director of the NATO Environmental Programme, Dr. L. Veiga da Cunha, and his successor, Dr. Alain H. Jubier, kindly and strongly supported the whole undertaking until the delivery of this book.Meeting withDr.JubierinTiranawasauniqueexperienceandpleasurefor me. WithouttheinitiativeandWorkshopCo-DirectorshipofProf.Dr.ErgjinSamimi the whole event would never have taken place. My humblest thanks go to him for all his assistance,encouragementandfriendship. All the logistic supportonthe spotcame from Mr. Hir Dedei, hotel owner, landlord and businessmaninTirana. He managedeverythingfrom theairportshuttle service,our accommodation and food to the joint field trip, and even fulfilled rather extravagant wishes. In the preparationphaseand duringthesymposiumhebecamemore thanjusta "projectpartner". Our"liaisonofficerfor eastrelations" attheDresdenUniversityofTechnology, Dr. GUnther Krause, was my "right hand" during the complex organisation of all the lectures. He was assisted by Matthias HOfner, one ofmy students, whose major merit, however, wastherealisationofall theeditorial"legwork" which was necessary to make thisbookappear inasomewhatconsistentandhomogenous structure. Whoeverediteda volumeof254 pages with 17 different contributions knows how much gratitude lowe Matthias.Thankyou! Last, butnot leastthesmoothco-operation with Kluwer AcademicPublishershas to begratefullyacknowledged. ManfredF.Buchroithner WorkshopDirector ix OPENINGADDRESSBYDR.ALFREDMOISIU, PRESIDENTOFTHE ALBANIANATLANTICASSOCIATION LadiesandGentlemen, Itis a pleasure and honour for me as Presidentofthe Albanian Atlantic Association to address the speakers and participants ofthis workshop concerning some contemporary scientific problems related to a more vigorous and prospective developmentofAlbania andtheentireregion. It is true that Albania is a profoundly European country and inhabited by a people rankingamong the mostancientontheBalkanPeninsula, theiroriginderivingfrom the Illyrians. Unfortunately, however, the historic events and developments have made our country oneofthe poorest and leastdeveloped inEurope. But the desire ofour people and especiallyofthe youthofAlbaniais that we mustcontinueto be partofEuropenot only geographically. We must be an active member in all fields, including the most advanced scientific ones. It is not my duty here to teach you how important this is. I would, however, like to tell you thatjust like people are supposed to know a common language to improve their communication, they should also know and exchange the newestinformationinscience,thuspavingtheroadtowardsprogress. Albania, inhabited by a people who uses unique language, encircled by neighbours using quite different languages, also with a different history, different traditions and culture, has had a tragic destiny. Although known as a militant people, the Albanians have never been aggressive throughout their history. They have never attacked others, but unfortunately always been victims of foreign aggression and, naturally, in these casesthey have tried torespond totheseaggressions. Icannotsay whetherthis has been negative or positive for the Albanian people, but it is a fact. Only within this century, Albania has been turned into a battlefield several times, in two Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913,inWorldWarIandWorldWarII. Albania has always been a crossroad. The Byzantine, Roman, Ottoman, Austrian Hungarian empires have passed through its territory. All these have left their positive andnegativetracesonAlbania'sdevelopment. Unfortunately, theruinoftheOttomanEmpirefound Albania without powerful friends. Hence, beginning with the Berlin Congress in 1878, the London Conference in 1913 and the agreements after World War I, Albania was truncated and deprived ofits most fertile, richest grounds and underground parts. In this way, of whole Albania which, according to some foreign scholars, covers an areaofabout 80000km2, remainedonly 28000km2•Wemay saythat Albaniais theonlycountry inEurope, which along all its state frontiers is bordered with its compatriots. There are nearly 7 million Albanians in theBalkans,ofwhomonlyhalfliveinAlbania. It is understandable that after all these unjust actions, the Albanians experienced a series ofopposite events. To his end, Albania became a rather important factor for the M.F.Buchroithner(ed.), RemoteSensingforEnvironmentalDatainAlbania:AStragegyforIntegratedManagement, 1-6. ©2000KluwerAcademicPublishers. 2 peaceand stability in the Balkans. It iscommon knowledge now that the destructionof YugoslaviastartedinKosovoin 1981 and laterin 1989,whenMiloseviccurbedKosovo ofits autonomy of 1974. But since the very beginning, it has also been clear that this destruction wouldend inKosovo as well. Although by now the war in Kosovo is over, stilltimeand workisneededtocompletelycalm-downtheregion. What has been attained is a result ofthe efforts ofthe Albanian people ofKosovo. Butitmustbeopenlyadmitted thattheAlbanians would nothavebeenabletosolvethe problembasedontheirownforces alone. IfAlbanians wereleftalone to face theSerbs, thewarwouldnotonlyhavebeenlonger,butalso mankindwouldhavehad to face even more serious crimes, and the situation would have aggravated to an extent that it might haveled to theburstofa war in theBalkans and broader. Itisaknown fact thata great number of Albanians are living in Macedonia, in Montenegro and in other countries. Consequently, the outbreak of a very long war between Serbs and Albanians would haveinvolvedallthesecountries. Itisclearthatonedaytheinjusticeswouldbelaidfor solution. TheSerbselaborated afIrst theory ontheeliminationand assimilationofthe Albanians in 1844,described in "Na~ertanija" ofIlia Garashanin. But the Albanians, fIrst ofall, opposed this inhuman and colonial theory with the demographic "weapon". Hence, although again and again the Serbs violently expelled hundreds of thousands of Albanians and massacred and eliminatedthousandsofothers,stilltheAlbanianpopulationkeptgrowing. It is an undeniable reality that the crisis was solved by NATO, the U.S. and the European Union. Without their decisive, military and diplomatic aid and interference, the crisis would have continued too long, claiming many sufferings and blood of innocent people. The Albanians will never forget this. NATO demonstrated their value as a powerful political-military organisation, which after the end of the cold war, is, along with other things, taking a new dimension with a new strategy, as a defender of democracy, human values and the values ofEuropean civilisation. Likewise, the U.S. andEuropeclearly showedthat they stand indefenceofthe U.N. principles notonly in theorybutinpracticeaswell. International diplomacy proved it has started to draw lessons from the events in Bosnia. The political, diplomatic and military operations we saw, showed that the time when every regime may do what it wants with its own nationals - although it has accepted and signed the international documents on the human rights, on national minoritiesandfortheprotectionofdemocratic values-hascometoanend. Europe cannot make a progress without strictly respecting and implementing the norms it has set to ensure freedom, equality and normal development. Every country must completely observe the accepted norms, otherwise it will be reminded of these normsandfInally beforced to implementthem. Thesenorms will beonthebasisofthe securityandstabilityforthecomingcentury. We cannot say that the Kosovo crisis has been solved completely. Still there are hostilities and mutual persecutionsexistingbetween Albanians and Serbs. Certainly the Albanians have it difficult to forget the sufferings and humiliations made to them for nearly one century, especially the events of 1998 and 1999, until the land forces intervenedinKosovo. YouallknowthisbecauseithasbeenshownonTV.
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