Remote Sensing and Water Resources

336 Pages·2016·29.01 MB·English

by  Anny Cazenave

SPACE SCIENCES SERIES OF ISSI
Remote Sensing
and Water Resources
A. Cazenave · N. Champollion · J. Benveniste
J. Chen Editors
123
Space Sciences Series of ISSI
Volume 55
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6592
A. Cazenave N. Champollion
(cid:129)
J. Benveniste J. Chen
(cid:129)
Editors
Remote Sensing and Water
Resources
Previously published in Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 37, Issue 2, 2016
123
Editors
A.Cazenave J.Benveniste
International Space ScienceInstitute European Space Agency
Bern European Space ResearchInstitute
Switzerland Frascati
Italy
and
J.Chen
LEGOS-CNES Centerfor Space Research
Toulouse University of Texas atAustin
France Austin, TX
USA
N.Champollion
International Space ScienceInstitute
Bern
Switzerland
ISSN 1385-7525
Space SciencesSeries of ISSI
ISBN978-3-319-32448-7 ISBN978-3-319-32449-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32449-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016935393
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Contents
Foreword: International Space Science Institute (ISSI) Workshop
on Remote Sensing and Water Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
A. Cazenave, N. Champollion, J. Benveniste and J. Chen
Modelling Freshwater Resources at the Global Scale: Challenges
and Prospects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Petra Döll, Hervé Douville, Andreas Güntner, Hannes
Müller Schmied and Yoshihide Wada
On the Use of Hydrological Models and Satellite Data to Study
the Water Budget of River Basins Affected by Human Activities:
Examples from the Garonne Basin of France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Eric Martin, Simon Gascoin, Youen Grusson, Clément Murgue,
Mélanie Bardeau, François Anctil, Sylvain Ferrant, Romain Lardy,
Patrick Le Moigne, Delphine Leenhardt, Vincent Rivalland,
José-Miguel Sánchez Pérez, Sabine Sauvage and Olivier Therond
On Creating Global Gridded Terrestrial Water Budget
Estimates from Satellite Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Yu Zhang, Ming Pan and Eric F. Wood
Lake Volume Monitoring from Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
J.-F. Crétaux, R. Abarca-del-Río, M. Bergé-Nguyen,
A. Arsen, V. Drolon, G. Clos and P. Maisongrande
The SWOT Mission and Its Capabilities for Land Hydrology. . . . . . . . 117
Sylvain Biancamaria, Dennis P. Lettenmaier and Tamlin M. Pavelsky
Toward a High-Resolution Monitoring of Continental Surface
Water Extent and Dynamics, at Global Scale: from GIEMS
(Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellites) to SWOT
(Surface Water Ocean Topography) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Catherine Prigent, Dennis P. Lettenmaier,
Filipe Aires and Fabrice Papa
v
vi Contents
Assessing Global Water Storage Variability from GRACE:
Trends, Seasonal Cycle, Subseasonal Anomalies and Extremes . . . . . . . 167
Vincent Humphrey, Lukas Gudmundsson and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Groundwater Storage Changes: Present Status from GRACE
Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Jianli Chen, James S. Famigliett, Bridget R. Scanlon
and Matthew Rodell
Modeling Groundwater Depletion at Regional and Global Scales:
Present State and Future Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Yoshihide Wada
What Can be Expected from the GRACE-FO Laser Ranging
Interferometer for Earth Science Applications? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
FrankFlechtner,Karl-HansNeumayer,ChristophDahle,HenrykDobslaw,
Elisa Fagiolini, Jean-Claude Raimondo and Andreas Güntner
Subsurface Hydrology of the Lake Chad Basin from Convection
Modelling and Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
T. Lopez, R. Antoine, Y. Kerr, J. Darrozes, M. Rabinowicz,
G. Ramillien, A. Cazenave and P. Genthon
Water and Food in the Twenty-First Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Ghislain de Marsily and Rodrigo Abarca-del-Rio
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32449-4_1
Reprinted from Surveys in Geophysics Journal, DOI10.1007/s10712-016-9356-4
Foreword: International Space Science Institute (ISSI)
Workshop on Remote Sensing and Water Resources
A. Cazenave1,2 • N. Champollion2 • J. Benveniste3 •
J. Chen4
Received:3January2016/Accepted:4January2016/Publishedonline:22January2016
(cid:2)SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2016
About97 %ofthetotalamountofwateronEarthisfoundintheoceansand2 %isstored
intheGreenlandandAntarcticicesheets.Itisonlytheremaining1 %thatistheamountof
water available for the biospheric processes and for all human needs. This fresh water
componentisstoredinbothsurfaceandsubsurfacereservoirs.Onthesurface,thestorage
volumes consist of rivers, lakes, man-made reservoirs, wetlands and inundated areas.
Subsurfacereservoirsincluderootzones(theuppermostfewmetresofthesoil),aswellas
confined and unconfined aquifers and other geological formations. Except for the deep
aquifers that evolve on thousand-year timescales, terrestrial waters are continuously
exchangedwiththeatmosphereandoceansthroughverticalandhorizontalmassfluxes(i.e.
precipitation, evaporation, transpiration of the vegetation and surface and underground
runoff). These exchanges as well as the associated storage of water in the different
components of the climate system characterize the global water cycle.
Onland,changesintheglobalwaterstorageresultfromclimatevariations,fromdirect
human interventions in the water cycle and from human modifications of the physical
characteristics of the land surface. Climate variations (which are due to both natural and
& A.Cazenave
[email protected];[email protected]
N.Champollion
[email protected]
J.Benveniste
[email protected]
J.Chen
[email protected]
1 LEGOS,CNES,18AvenueEdouardBelin,31401ToulouseCedex9,France
2 ISSI,Hallerstrasse6,3012Bern,Switzerland
3 ESA-ESRIN,ViaGalileoGalilei,0044Frascati,Italy
4 CSR,UniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX,USA
123
Reprinted from the journal 1
192 SurvGeophys(2016)37:191–194
anthropogenic causes) produce changes in the land water balance, leading to either an
increaseoradecreaseinwaterstorage.Forexample,coldandwetclimaticconditionshave
the tendency to increase water storage, while a warm and dry climate has the opposite
effect.Manyhumanactivitiesdirectlyaffectlandwaterstorage;examplesaregroundwater
pumping in aquifers, the construction of dams on rivers to form artificial man-made
reservoirs and irrigation for improved agricultural production. Anthropogenic changes in
landsurfacessuchasurbanization,agricultureanddeforestationalsoleadtowaterstorage
changes.
Beinganintegralpartof theclimatesystem,terrestrial watershaveimportantlinksto,
andfeedbacks withand from,theatmosphere andoceansvia energyandmoisturefluxes.
Gainingabetterunderstandingoftheglobalhydrologicalcycle,inparticularitsterrestrial
component,isthusakeyissueinclimateresearchtoday.Itisalsoofsignificantimportance
for creating an inventory of water resources and for managing them.
Inthelasttwotothreedecades,globalestimatesofthespatio-temporalchangesinland
waterstorage(surface,soilandundergroundwaters,aswellassnowpacks)havereliedon
hydrological models, either coupled with atmosphere–ocean global circulation models or
forcedbymeteorologicalobservations.However,hydrologicalphenomenaaresocomplex
thatitisverydifficulttorepresentthehydrologicalsysteminsuchasimpleway.Whatis
needed is the acquisition of a huge amount of observations and their assimilation into
complex models.
Insitugaugingnetworkshavebeeninstalledforseveraldecadesinmanylakesandriver
basins.However,theyaredistributednon-uniformlythroughouttheworld,andtheyoften
sufferfromintermittentoperation.Insitumeasurementsprovidetimeseriesofwaterlevels
anddischargerates,whichareusedforstudiesofregionalclimatevariability,aswellasfor
socio-economic applications (e.g., water resources inventory, navigation, land use, plan-
ninginfrastructures,hydroelectricenergy,floodhazards)andenvironmentalstudies(rivers,
lakes, wetlands and floodplains hydroecology). However, for more than two decades,
ground-based gauge networks have declined in many regions (Alsdorf and Lettenmaier
2003),becauseofeconomicpressuresorforpoliticalreasons.Forexample,over20 %of
the freshwater discharge to the Arctic Ocean is ungauged; surface water across much of
AfricaandportionsoftheArcticiseithernotmeasuredatallorhasexperiencedthelossof
overtwo-thirdsofthegauges(Shiklomanovetal.2002).Thephysicalremovalofgauges
from many lakes and river basins is, unfortunately, a common situation in many parts of
the world. Besides, the distribution of collected data is often restricted, because water-
related data are often considered to be sensitive national information. Therefore, to
accurately measure, monitor and forecast global supplies of fresh water using in situ
methodsisalmostimpossiblebecauseofthelackofaccesstoanadequateamountofinsitu
measurements worldwide.
Forthepast10–15 years,remotesensingtechniqueshavedemonstratedtheirexcellent
capability to monitor several components of the water balance of large rivers, lakes and
reservoirs, on timescales ranging from months to decades (e.g., Alsdorf and Lettenmaier
2003; Alsdorf et al. 2007; Famiglietti et al. 2015). For example, radar and laser satellite
altimetry are routinely used for systematic monitoring of the water levels of large rivers,
lakes, reservoirs and floodplains. If combined with satellite imagery, satellite altimeter
observations also enable the variations of surface water volumes to be estimated. Passive
and active microwave sensors offer important information on soil moisture (e.g., the
SMOS mission) as well as on wetlands and snowpacks. Space gravity missions (in par-
ticular the GRACE mission) directly measure the spatio-temporal variations of vertically
integratedterrestrialwaterstorage.Whencombinedwithhydrologicalmodelestimatesor
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2 Reprinted from the journal
SurvGeophys(2016)37:191–194 193
otherobservationsofsurfacewatersandsoilmoisturemadefromspace(e.g.,fromsatellite
altimetry and SMOS), satellite gravity data can be used to study groundwater storage
variations.SyntheticApertureRadarInterferometry(InSAR)canbealsousedtoestimate
river flow.
In the very near future, the Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission will
provide frequently updated two-dimensional maps of surface water levels and river dis-
charges, with global coverage and with unprecedented resolution (*100 m globally on
land).Alltheseobservations,aswellasthoseplannedinthenearfuture(e.g.,theEuropean
Sentinelmissions),willbecomeincreasinglyimportantinimprovingourunderstandingof
hydrologicalprocessesatworkinlargeriverbasinsandtheirlinkswithclimatevariability
andsocio-economicactivities.Significantnewinformationcanbeexpectedbycombining
modelsandsurfaceobservationswithspaceobservations,whichofferglobalgeographical
coverage, good spatio-temporal sampling, continuously repeated monitoring and the
capability of measuring water mass changes occurring at or below the Earth’s surface.
Thescientificpaperspresentedinthisvolumerepresenttheoutcomeofaworkshopon
‘RemoteSensingandWaterResources’heldinOctober2014,inBern,Switzerland,aspart
of the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) Earth Observation Programme. The
objective of the workshop was to bring together leading scientists involved in the global
watercycle,landhydrologyandwaterresourcesresearch,eitherprocessingobservationsor
running hydrological models or combining both. Two main issues were addressed during
theworkshop:(1)promotingthesynergisticuseofspaceobservationsformonitoringwater
storage changes in river basins worldwide, and (2) using the space data in hydrological
modelseitherbydataassimilationorasexternalconstraints.Participantsintheworkshop
were experts in different disciplines, including remote sensing, hydrological modelling,
meteorology, geophysics and climate science.
The first two articles address hydrological modelling, at the global scale (‘Modelling
freshwaterresourcesattheglobalscale;challengesandprospects’byDo¨lletal.)andatthe
regional scale in a river basin that has been highly modified by human activities (‘Hy-
drologicalmodellinginhighlyanthropizedriverbasins;examplefromtheGaronneBasin’
by Martin et al.). The paper by Zhang et al. ‘On creating global gridded terrestrial water
budgetestimatesfromsatelliteremotesensing’investigatesthereliabilityofglobalremote
sensing products in closing estimates of the global water budget.
Threepapersdealwiththeuseofsatellitealtimetryandotherremotesensingtechniques
tostudysurfacewaters.ThepaperbyCre´tauxetal.isanoverviewoflakemonitoringfrom
space. Biancamaria et al. demonstrate the high potential of the future SWOT mission to
study surface waters with a precision, spatial resolution and temporal sampling that was
previouslyunavailable.TheissueofmonitoringwetlandsisaddressedbyPrigentetal.in
an overview article entitled ‘Towards high resolution monitoring of continental surface
water extent and dynamics at global scale; from GIEMS (Global Inundation Extent from
Multi-Satellites) to SWOT’.
The nextthree papers deal with the GRACE-based space gravimetry technique and its
capability to measure total terrestrial water storage, accessing groundwater storage by
removing model-predicted surface water storage change. The paper by Humphrey et al.
‘Assessing global water storage variability from GRACE: trends, seasonal cycle, intra-
annualanomaliesandextremes’focusesonshort-termwaterstorageanomalies,aswellas
onextremeeventssuchasdroughts.Therecoveryofestimatesofgroundwaterdepletionin
aquifers from GRACE measurements is discussed by Chen et al. in a paper entitled
‘Groundwater storage changes: present status from GRACE observations’. The paper by
Wada et al. ‘Modelling global groundwater depletion: present state and future prospects’
123
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