Table Of Content

Reinforced Concrete The third edition of this popular textbook has been extensively rewritten and expanded to conform to the latest versions of BS8110. It sets out design theory for concrete elements and structures, and illustrates practical applications of the theory. Reinforced Concrete includes more than 60 clearly worked out design examples and over 600 diagrams, plans and charts. Backgrounds to the British Standard and Eurocode are given to explain the ‘why’ as well as the ‘how’, and differences between the codes are highlighted. New chapters on prestressed concrete and water retaining structures are included in this edition, and the most commonly encountered design problems in structural concrete are covered. Additional worked examples are available on an associated website at www.sponpress.com/civeng/support.htm. This book is written for students on civil engineering degree courses, to explain the principles of element design and the procedures for design of concrete buildings, and is also a useful reference for practising engineers. Prab Bhatt is an Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. Thomas J.MacGinley (late) was formerly of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Ban Seng Choo (late) was formerly Professor of Timber Engineering at the School of Built Environment, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK. Reinforced Concrete Design theory and examples Third edition Prab Bhatt, Thomas J.MacGinley and Ban Seng Choo LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1978 by E&FN Spon Second edition 1990 Third edition published 2006 by Taylor & Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 1978 T.J.MacGinley © 1990 T.J.MacGinley and B.S.Choo © 2006 P.Bhatt, T.J.MacGinley and B.S.Choo All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any efforts or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bhatt, P. Reinforced concrete: design theory and examples/P.Bhatt, T.J.MacGinley, and B.S.Choo.—3rd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Reinforced concrete/T.J.MacGinley, B.S.Choo. London; New York: E & F.Spon, 1990. ISBN 0-415-30796-1 (pbk.: alk. paper)—ISBN 0-415-30795-3 (hardback: alk. paper) 1. Reinforced concrete construction. I. MacGinley, T.J. (Thomas Joseph) II. Choo, B.S. III. MacGinley, T.J. (Thomas Joseph). Reinforced concrete. IV. Title. TA683.2.M33 2005 624.1′834–dc22 2005021534 ISBN 0-203-40438-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–30795–3 ISBN13: 978-0-415-30795-6 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–30796–1 ISBN13: 978–0–415–30796–3 (pbk) Dedicated with love and gratitude to my mother Srimati Sharadamma who taught us to ‘never disown the poor’. CONTENTS Preface xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Reinforced concrete structures 1 1.2 Structural elements and frames 1 1.3 Structural design 2 1.4 Design standards 2 1.5 Calculations, design aids and computing 3 1.6 Two carriage returns detailing 4 2 Materials, structural failures and durability 9 2.1 Reinforced concrete structures 9 2.2 Concrete materials 9 2.2.1 Cement 9 2.2.2 Aggregates 10 2.2.3 Concrete mix design 11 2.2.4 Admixtures 12 2.3 Concrete properties 12 2.3.1 Compressive strength 12 2.3.2 Tensile strength 13 2.3.3 Modulus of elasticity 13 2.3.4 Creep 13 2.3.5 Shrinkage 15 2.4 Tests on wet concrete 15 2.4.1 Workability 15 2.4.2 Measurement of workability 15 2.5 Tests on hardened concrete 16 2.5.1 Normal tests 16 2.5.2 Non-Destructive tests 16 2.5.3 Chemical tests 17 2.6 Reinforcement 17 viii Contents 2.7 Failures in concrete structures 18 2.7.1 Factors affecting failure 18 2.7.1.1 Incorrect selection of materials 18 2.7.1.2 Errors in design calculations and detailing 19 2.7.1.3 Poor construction methods 19 2.7.1.4 Chemical attack 20 2.7.1.5 External physical and/or mechanical factors 22 2.8 Durability of concrete structures 25 2.8.1 Code references to durability 25 2.9 Concrete cover 25 2.9.1 Nominal cover against corrosion 25 2.9.2 Cover as fire protection 26 2.10 References 28 3 Limit state design and structural analysis 30 3.1 Structural design and limit states 30 3.1.1 Aims and methods of design 30 3.1.2 Criteria for a safe design: limit states 30 3.1.3 Ultimate limit state 31 3.1.4 Serviceability limit states 32 3.2 Characteristic and design loads 32 3.3 Materials: Properties and design strengths 34 3.4 Structural analysis 36 3.4.1 General provisions 36 3.4.2 Methods of frame analysis 37 3.4.3 Monolithic braced frame 37 3.4.4 Rigid frames providing lateral stability 38 3.4.5 Redistribution of moments 40 4 Section design for moment 41 4.1 Types of beam section 41 4.2 Reinforcement and bar spacing 42 4.2.1 Reinforcement data 42 4.2.2 Minimum and maximum areas of reinforcement in beams 43 4.2.3 Minimum spacing of bars 44 Contents ix 4.3 Behaviour of beams in bending 45 4.4 Singly reinforced rectangular beams 46 4.4.1 Assumptions and stress-strain diagrams 46 4.4.2 Moment of resistance: Rectangular stress block 49 4.4.3 Procedure for the design of singly reinforced rectangular beam 51 4.4.4 Examples of design of singly reinforced rectangular sections 52 4.4.5 Design chart 56 4.4.5.1 Examples of use of design chart 57 4.4.6 Moment of resistance using rectangular parabolic stress block 58 4.5 Doubly reinforced beams 60 4.5.1 Design formulae using the simplified stress block 60 4.5.2 Examples of rectangular doubly reinforced concrete beams 62 4.6 Flanged beams 64 4.6.1 General considerations 64 4.6.2 Stress block within the flange 65 4.6.3 Stress block extends into the web 66 4.6.3.1 Code formula 67 4.6.4 Steps in reinforcement calculation of a T- or an L-beam 68 4.6.5 Examples of design of flanged beams 69 4.7 Checking existing sections 72 4.7.1 Examples of checking for moment capacity 72 4.7.2 Strain compatibility method 76 4.7.2.1 Example of strain-compatibility method 77 5 Shear, bond and torsion 81 5.1 Shear forces 81 5.1.1 Shear in a homogeneous beam 81 5.1.2 Shear in a reinforced concrete beam without shear reinforcement 82 5.1.3 Shear reinforcement in the form of links 85 5.1.3.1 Examples of design of link reinforcement in 87 beams