Regulatory Mechanisms in Insect Feeding

414 Pages·1995·10.566 MB·English

by  R. F. Chapman (auth.), R. F. Chapman, Gerrit de Boer (eds.)

Regulatory
Mechanisms
in Insect Feeding
Regulatory
Mechanisms
in Insect Feeding
edited by
R.F. Chapman
Gerrit de Boer
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.v
Cover Design: Andn:a Meyer. emDASH inc.
Copyright Cl 1995
Springer Sdence+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1995
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1995
All righls rcserved. No pan of this work covered by the copyright Ilcrcon may be rcproduced or used in a
fonn or by any mcans-graphic. electronic. or mechanical. including pltolocopying. recording. laping. ny
information storage and rcuieval sySlems-witbout the wrinen pcrmission of the publisl'tcr. or
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Library oe COft~ CatalogjDg-in.PublicatioD Data
Regulatory meehanisms in insect feeding I edited by Rcginald F. Chapman and
Gerrit dc Boer.
p. em.
lncludes bibliographieal referenees and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-5715-5 ISBN 978-1-4615-1775-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1775-7
I. Insect- Food. 2. Inseets-Physiology. l. Chapman, R. F. (Reginald
Frederiek) 11. de Boer. Gerrit
QLA%.R365 1995
595.7'OI32-de20 94-38783
CI'
British Library Cataloguing in Publieation Data avallab!e
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Contributors xvii
Introduction xix
G. de Boer
MECHANICS OF FEEDING 1
1. Mechanics of Food Handling by Chewing Insects 3
R. F. Chapman
1. 1. Introduction 3
1.2. Mandibles and Their Role 3
1.2.1. Hardness of Mandibles 4
1.2.2. Sensilla on the Mandibles 7
1.2.3. Movement of Mandibles 7
1.2.4. Control of Mandibular Movement 12
1.3. Cutting Up the Food 16
1.3.1. Mandibular Structure in Relation to Food Type 16
1.3.2. Wear of Mouthparts 19
1.4. Ingesting the Food 22
1.4.1. Control of Ingestion 24
1.5. Manipulation of Food in the Foregut 25
1.6. Conclusion 26
References 27
2. Mechanics of Food Handling by Fluid-Feeding Insects 32
J. G. Kingsolver and T. L. Daniel
v
vi / Contents
2.1. Introduction 32
2.2. Mechanical Aspects of Fluid Feeding 33
2.2.1. The Moving Fluid: Physical Properties of Liquids 33
2.2.2. The Moving Fluid: Geometric Considerations 35
2.2.3. Moving the Fluid: Physical Forcing 37
2.2.3.1. Muscles 38
2.2.3.2. Capillary Forces 38
2.2.3.3. External Pressure 40
2.2.4. Putting the Pieces Together 40
2.2.5. Mechanical Access to Food 42
2.3. Nectar Feeding 42
2.3.1. Lepidoptera: Simple Suction Tubes 42
2.3.2. Bees (Apoidea): Capillary Mechanisms 49
2.4. Blood Feeding 53
2.4.1. The Blood-Feeding Process 53
2.4.2. Mechanics of Blood Feeding in Rhodnius 55
2.4.3. Mechanics of Blood Feeding in Aedes 56
2.4.4. Mechanics of Disease Transmission 59
2.5. Phloem and Xylem Feeding 60
2.5.1. Anatomy and Behavior of Feeding 61
2.5.2. Penetrating Plant Tissues 62
2.5.3. Mechanical Determinants of Nutrient Uptake 63
2.6. Future Prospects 65
Appendix: A Simple Model for Lepidopteran Sucking 66
References 68
3. Insect Saliva: Function, Biochemistry, and Physiology 74
1. M. C. Ribeiro
3.1. Introduction 74
3.2. Salivary Gland Structures 74
3.3. Physical Function of Saliva 75
3.3.1. Solubilizer or Carrier of Solid Foods 75
3.3.2. Sealing Around Feeding Mouthparts 77
3.3.3. Maintenance of the Feeding Mouthparts 77
3.4. Physiological Function of Saliva 78
3.4.1. Preingestive Food Treatment 78
3.4.1.1. Phytophagous Insects 79
3.4.1.2. Predacious Insects 79
3.4.1.3. Blood-Feeding Insects 80
3.4.1.3.1. The Hemostatic Process 80
3.4.1.3.2. Role of Saliva in Blood Feeding 82
3.4.2. Noningestive Functions of Saliva 86
Contents / vii
3.4.2.1. Role of Vector Saliva in Pathogen
Transmission 86
3.4.2.2. Water Balance 87
3.4.2.3. Pheromone Production 87
3.4.2.4. Antimicrobial Activity 88
3.4.2.5. Defense Mechanisms 88
3.5. Regulation of Saliva Secretion 88
References 90
REGULATION OF A MEAL 99
4. Chemosensory Regulation of Feeding 101
R. F. Chapman
4.1. Introduction 101
4.2. The Sensory Array 102
4.2.1. Chemoreceptors on the Mouthparts of Biting and Chewing
Insects 102
4.2.2. Chemoreceptors on the Mouthparts of Fluid-Feeding
Insects 106
4.2.3. Chemoreceptors on the Legs 108
4.2.4. Organization of Connections Within the Central Nervous
System 109
4.3. Behavioral Hierarchies 110
4.4. Sensitivity of Chemoreceptors to Different Chemicals 112
4.5. Variability of Sensory Response 115
4.6. Peripheral Interactions Resulting from Mixtures of Chemicals 118
4.7. Interpreting the Sensory Code 121
4.8. Chemosensory Input and the Regulation of Feeding 126
4.8.1. Regulation of a Meal 126
4.8.2. Long-Term Regulation of Feeding 127
4.9. Conclusions 127
References 128
5. Regulation of a Meal: Chewing Insects 137
S. J. Simpson
5.1. Introduction 137
5.2. The Definition of a Meal 137
5.3. Why Does a Meal Begin? 138
5.3.1. The Inhibitory Effect of the Previous Meal 140
5.3.2. Other Causal Factors 143
5.4. Why Does a Meal End? 143
5.4.1. The Net Level of Feeding Excitation as a Meal
Begins 145
viii / Contents
5.4.2. Sources of Inhibition Accruing Throughout a Meal 146
5.5. Putting It All Together: A Simulation of Locust Feeding 148
5.6. Conclusions 150
References 151
6. Regulation of a Meal: Blood Feeders 157
E. E. Davis and W. G. Friend
6.1. Introduction 157
6.2. Model of Feeding Behavior 159
6.3. Initiation of Feeding Behavior 159
6.4. Orientation to the Food Resource and Landing 162
6.4.1. Approach and Landing 164
6.5. Nectar Feeding by Hematophagous Insects 164
6.5.1. Plant Preference 166
6.5.2. Probing 166
6.5.3. Diet Destination 167
6.5.4. Meal Size and Termination 167
6.6. Blood Feeding 168
6.6.1. Host Preference 168
6.6.2. Attractants 170
6.6.2.1. Lactic Acid 170
6.6.2.2. Carbon Dioxide 170
6.6.2.3. Vision 171
6.6.2.4. Temperature 171
6.6.2.5. Moisture 172
6.6.3. Probing 172
6.6.4. Piercing 173
6.6.5. Sampling for Blood 174
6.6.6. Gorging Signals 175
6.6.6.1. Phagostimulants 175
6.6.6.2. Receptor Mechanisms 176
6.6.6.3. Chemosensory Information 177
6.6.7. Meal Destination 177
6.6.8. Termination of Blood-Feeding Behavior 178
6.6.8.1. Meal Termination 178
6.6.8.2. Prevention of Host-Locating Behavior 179
6.6.9 Ingestus Interruptus 180
6.7. Repeat of Cycle 180
References 180
7. Regulation of Phloem Sap Feeding by Aphids 190
W. F. Tjallingii
7.1. Introduction 190
Contents I ix
7.2. Terminology 193
7.3. The EPG Technique as a Method to Study Sap Feeding 194
7.4. Quantifying Ingestion 196
7.5. Onset of Sap Feeding in Probing Behavior 201
7.6. Maintenance and Termination of Sap Feeding 204
7.7. Aphids and Other Homopterans 205
7.8. Conclusions 206
References 206
8. Regulation of a Carbohydrate Meal in Adult Diptera, Lepidoptera,
and Hymenoptera 210
J. G. Stoffolano, Jr.
8.1. Introduction 210
8.1.1. Insect Diversity and Numbers Linked to Carbohydrates in the
Environment 211
8.1.2. Carbohydrate Resources in Nature 212
8.1.3. Importance of Carbohydrates in the Life of Adult
Insects 213
8.1.4. Evolution of the Crop and Its Significance 213
8.1.5. Nutritional Ecology and Foraging Strategies (Food
Handling) 214
8.2. Phormia regina: The Model System for Carbohydrate
Feeders 215
8.3. General Regulatory Scheme 217
8.3.1. Hunger 217
8.3.2. Intake: Quantity and Quality 218
8.3.3. Meal Destination 218
8.3.4. Termination of a Meal 219
8.3.5. Control of Crop and Midgut Emptying 219
8.4. Carbohydrate Feeding in the Diptera 221
8.4.1. Bubbling Behavior 221
8.4.2. Hematophagous Insects 223
8.4.2.1. Initiation of Feeding, Intake, and Meal
Destination 223
8.4.2.2. Meal Size 224
8.4.2.3. Termination of a Meal 225
8.4.2.4. Control of Crop and Midgut Emptying 225
8.5. Carbohydrate Feeding in the Lepidoptera 225
8.5.1. Sources of Carbohydrates 226
8.5.2. Intake, Destination, and Termination of a Meal 227
8.5.3. Involvement of the Crop 229
8.5.4. Hunger 230
x I Contents
8.5.5. Reproductive, Migratory, and Diapause Effect on
Intake 230
8.5.6. Soil and Puddle Drinking 230
8.6. Carbohydrate Feeding in the Hymenoptera 231
8.6.1. Recognition of Food 231
8.6.2. Intake, Destination, and Termination of a Meal 232
8.6.3. Involvement of the Crop 233
8.6.4. Hunger 234
8.6.5. New Horizons 234
8.7. Neuropharmacological and Endocrine Involvement in Feeding
Regulation 235
8.8. Concluding Remarks 237
References 238
LONG·T ERM REGULATION OF FEEDING 249
9. The Mechanisms of Nutritional Homeostasis 251
S. J. Simpson, D. Raubenheimer, and P. G. Chambers
9. 1. Introduction 251
9.2. The Geometry of Compensation 252
9.2.1. Targets 252
9.2.2. Reaching the Intake Target: Nutritional Rails, Points of Best
Compromise, and Behavioral Rules 252
9.2.3. Reaching the Nutritional and Growth Targets: Leaving the
Rails 253
9.2.4. Experimental Data 253
9.3. The Physiological Control of Nutrient Intake 259
9.3.1. Assessing Nutritional State 260
9.3.2. Linking Nutritional State to Behavior 260
9.3.3. Finding Food 260
9.3.4. Accepting or Rejecting Food 261
9.3.5. Ingestion: Regulation of Meal Size 262
9.3.6. Learning 263
9.3.7. A Model for Nutritional Compensation 263
9.4. Movement in Nutrient Space Through Postingestive
Processes 266
9.4.1. Nutrient Budgets 266
9.4.2. Utilization plots 269
9.5. Summary 273
References 273
10. Effects of Experience on Feeding 279
E. A. Bernays
Contents / xi
10.1. Introduction 279
10.2. Nonassociative changes 279
10.2.1. Changes in Peripheral Receptors 279
10.2.2. Habituation 282
10.2.3. Sensitization 286
10.2.4. Induced Preferences 288
10.2.5. Stimulating Effect of Novelty 291
10.2.6. Indirect Nutritional Feedbacks 292
10.3. Associative Learning 293
10.3.1. Association of Stimuli with Positive Effects 293
10.3.2. Association of Stimuli with Negative Effects 296
10.4. Conclusions 301
References 302
11. Ontogenetic Changes in Feeding Behavior 307
L. Barton Browne
11.1. Introduction 307
11.2. Categories of Physiological Mechanisms 308
11.3. Changes During Larval Development 311
11.3.1. Changes Within Larval Instars 311
11. 3.1. 1. Behavioral Mechanisms 312
11.3.1.2. Physiological Mechanisms 313
11. 3.2. Changes Between Larval Instars 316
11. 3.2.1. Behavioral Mechanisms 317
11.3.2.2. Physiological Mechanisms 317
11.4. Changes During Adult Development 318
11.4.1. Changes in Relation to Somatic Growth 318
11.4.1.1. Behavioral Mechanisms 320
11.4.1.2. Physiological Mechanisms 320
11.4.2. Changes in Relation to the Acquisition of Energy
Reserves 321
11.4.3. Changes in Relation to Reproduction 322
11.4.3.1. Changes in Females 322
11.4.3.2. Behavioral Mechanisms in Females 326
11.4.3.3. Physiological Mechanisms in Females 327
11.4.3.4. Changes in Males 332
11.5. Concluding Remarks 333
References 334
METHODS OF CONTROLLING INSECT FEEDING 343
12. Stimulation of Feeding: Insect Control Agents 345
D. A. Ave