Regional Approaches to the Energy Transition: A Multidisciplinary Perspective PDF
Preview Regional Approaches to the Energy Transition: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
Katarzyna Gromek-Broc Editor Regional Approaches to the Energy Transition A Multidisciplinary Perspective Regional Approaches to the Energy Transition Katarzyna Gromek-Broc Editor Regional Approaches to the Energy Transition A Multidisciplinary Perspective Editor KatarzynaGromek-Broc DepartmentofPoliticalandSocialSciences UniversityofPavia Pavia,Italy AutoritàdiRegolazioneperEnergia RetieAmbiente(ARERA)/Regulatory AuthorityforEnergy,NetworksandEnvironment Milan,Italy ISBN978-3-031-19357-6 ISBN978-3-031-19358-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19358-3 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword The book, edited by Katarzyna Gromek-Broc, provides a broad overview on the developments of the energy transition policies implemented in different regions in theworld.Itprovidesusefulinsightsforstudents,scholars,andmoreingeneralfor an audience interested in the energy policy developments driven by the decarbonisation process and innovation. From a unique, multidisciplinary perspec- tive,thisbookaimstoaddressthechallengesfacedbypolicymakersworldwidein their search for an equitable balance between socioeconomic and environmental goals. A shift away from fossil fuels in energy production and consumption is a necessaryconditiontoachievethemostneededclimatechangegoals.Infact,energy production still accounts for over 40% of global greenhouse gas emissions (IEA, GlobalEnergyReview:CO2Emissionsin2021,March2022).AttheUNClimate ChangeConferenceinGlasgow(COP26)inNovember2021,over200countries— amongwhichtheUSAandChina—reaffirmedthegoaloflimitingtheincreaseinthe global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, and stressed the urgency of action “in this critical decade”, when carbon dioxide emis- sionsmustbereducedby45%toreachnetzerobymid-century. The political initiatives adopted almost worldwide reflect to some extent the changed citizens’ perception about the relevance of climate change and more generally about the importance of environmental protection. According to the “People’s Climate Vote poll”, the biggest climate survey conducted worldwide by UN Development Program in January 2021, almost two-thirds of over 1.2 million people interviewed worldwide affirmed that climate change is a global emergency and urged a greater action to address the crisis. In Europe, according to a Eurobarometer survey, 93% of citizens believes that climate change is a serious problemandthatitrequiresaction,70%alsobelievesthatadaptationmeasurestothe impacts of climate change can have positive effects for citizens (Special Eurobarometer490,Climatechange,April2019). This book, edited by Katarzyna Gromek-Broc, provides a rich overview of different approaches to energy transition adopted in Europe, Australia, China, v vi Foreword Russia, Cuba, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The central question of this comparative policystudy,“Istherearegionalapproachtoenergytransition?”,isansweredfrom amultidisciplinaryperspectivebyauthorswithaneconomic,socialpolicyandlegal background.Reducinggreenhousegasemissionsisamajorparadigmshiftthatwill have a wide and profound effect on our lives and economies as it will gradually changethewaysweproduceandconsumegoods. As any major paradigm, energy transition is deemed to have a strong redistrib- utive effect on our societies, particularly in countries that are most dependent on fossilfuelsandCO2-intensiveindustries.Thecostsofenergytransitionaretherefore not equally distributed; this raises a problem of equity as well as of economic and socialsustainabilityofclimatepolicies.Thepotentialdifferencesintheallocationof the costs of the transition derive from a variety of factors, such as the production structure, the availability of natural resources, and the availability of a workforce withadequateskills. The book, a unique collection of experiences and analysis of energy transition policies in different area in the world, demonstrates there are no recipes or “one solution fits all”: the socio-economic and legal characteristics of the region or geographicalareamustbecarefullytakenintoconsiderationwhendesigningenergy transitionpolicies.Therichandbroadoverviewofdifferentperspectivescollectedin thebook—economic,social,legal,andinstitutional—providesmanyinterestingand stimulative ideas for a better understanding of the complexities and dynamics of policychanges. Differentregionsintheworldareandwillbeimpactedinaverydifferentmanner by the present energy crisis started in the second half of 2021 as an energy supply shortage at global level in the post Covid recovery period. The strong increase of demand for natural gas in Asia—pulled also by the energy transition policies adoptedbyChinaillustratedinoneofthepapers—increasedcompetitionfornatural gas supplies diverting LNG flows to South-East Asia causing energy price spikes, never recorded since the oil crisis in the ’70s. The growing geopolitical tensions culminatedintheinvasionofUkrainebyRussiaattheendofFebruary2022raised inEuropenewattentionandseriousconcernsonissuesofenergysecurityofsupply, affordabilityfordomesticconsumers,andcompetitivityoftheindustrialproduction which will necessarily impact on the pace of the decarbonisation strategy in the continent. The more recent crisis of the energy prices, deriving from economic and geo-political factors, will add a new dimension to an already complex scenario for future-proofenergytransitionpoliciesinwhichmulti-regionalandmultidisciplinary approachesaregoingtobeneededmoreandmore:thecontributionprovidedbythis bookisalreadyastepinthatdirection. ARERA,Milan,Italy ClaraPoletti BoardofRegulatorsofACER,Milan, Italy Preface Energysupply,production,andsavinghavedominatedthepoliticaldebateforsome time now. Soaring prices and the potential energy shortage continue to occupy the frontpagesofthenewspapers.ThewaronUkraineanditsconsequencesonenergy supply created a pressing problem for the EU, instilling a sense of anxiety and uncertainty in the EU population, fearing for shortages in the forthcoming winter months.Thecurrentenergycrisisisacutelyaffectingthewholeofourplanet. In this context, the book on “Regional Approaches to Energy Transition” is perfectly timed. The idea for this book emerged from an international conference organised by the Department of Political & Social Sciences at the University of PaviainDecember2020.Theconferencefavouredaninterdisciplinaryperspective, whichiswell-reflectedinthecontributionstothisvolume.Theinterdisciplinaryand comparativemethodcanbestconnotethespecificityoftheenergysectorindifferent partsoftheWorld,reflectingdifferentdynamics.Inaddition,acontextualapproach is needed to explore the energy problematics consisting of a constant interaction betweenpolitics,economy,andthelaw. The book “Regional Approach to the Energy Transition—A Multidisciplinary Perspective” discusses the key challenges the energy transition is facing at the European and International level. It is an edited collection bringing together inter- nationallyrenownedscholars,researchers,EUofficialstoaddressthecurrenttrends intheenergytransitionanditsdilemmas.Asmentioned,thebookplacestheenergy transition in a wide multidisciplinary context looking at energy policies, legal framework,regionalagendas,andthedifficultiesintheirimplementation.Itargues for a regional approach to the energy transition, questioning at the same time the strategies and measures put forward for its realisation. It looks first at the EU commitment to the energy transition and its initiatives providing some examples ofgoodpracticefromtheMemberStatesbutalsoconsidersthedifficultiestheyare currently facing. Furthermore, it offers a comparative perspective and the different approaches to the energy transition from Latin America, China, Africa, and Australia. vii viii Preface The book also engages with the theoretical debate. It explores the place of environment in contemporary constitutionalism and discusses the Human Rights concerns. In relation to the territorial application, it appraises the EU renewable energypolicies,andtheuseofEUFundsinItalyandSpain.ItlooksattheEuropean GreenDealintheregionsandenergyauctionsintheEU.Moreover,itincludesthe Scandinavian Perspective discussing the greenification efforts in the oil and gas industry in Norway, and the tendencies in legal regulation on renewable energy in Russia. Furthermore, it examines the situation globally by bringing together some interestingexamplessuchasthe‘stateandmarket’inChina’scoal-to-gastransition, the energy transition in Latin-American countries, the regional approach to the energy transition and electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the regional approach totheenergytransitioninAustralia. Inaddition,thebookprovidestheregionalexamplesofthedifficultiestheenergy sector encounters world widely proposing some local solutions to the local prob- lems.Itpromotestheexchangeofgoodpracticesandexperiencesnecessarytocarry out a just and sustainable energy transition. The book is a reference and study material not only for academics and students but also for policy makers, officials, andpractitionersdealingwiththeenergytransition. The introductory chapter written by Mercedes Bresso, a former president of a Committee of Regions, sets up the scene for the further debate articulating the conditions for the successful energy transition in the EU. She argues that the EU mustseizetheopportunitytoredefinetheEUeconomyinlightofthechallengesof climatechangeandmovetowardsgreeneconomy. Professor Cordini in his introduction looked at Energy as a multidimensional conceptthatinteractswithotherdisciplinesatalllevels,whiletherecentdebateon energy production creates new avenues affecting other fields. Yet, it would be difficulttodiscussthemeritsofeachofthesixteenchaptersinthisbook.However, allthecontributionsbringthenewarguments,newideas,andtheirownvisionofthe energytransition. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to all the speakers who, while not appearinginthisvolume,tookpartintheconference,inparticularIlariaGalimberti, Francis Botchway, and Alessandro Venturi, and other friends who helped with the conference and with the preparation of this volume: Jorge Freddy Milian Gómez, José Grabiel Luis Cordova, Damiano Fuschi, Giulia Baj, Nikolaos Kontraros- Tsiokos, and Zuzanna Brocka. I would also want to thank Brigitte Reschke at Springer for her support and patience. Finally, my wholehearted thanks to all the authorsfortheircontributions. Pavia,Italy KatarzynaGromek-Broc 10August2022 Contents OpeningRemarks:AFewWordsonEnergy-RelatedConsiderations. . . 1 GiovanniCordini TheEuropeanUnionandRenewableEnergyPolicies. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 MercedesBresso TheEnvironmentinContemporaryConstitutionalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 GiovanniCordini TheItalianEnergyTransitioninaHumanRightsPerspective. . . . . . . . 19 GiuliaBaj BeyondtheEnergyTransitionandTowardsaJustTransition. . . . . . . . 33 RaphaelJamesHeffronandLuigiMariaPepe WindofChange:AScandinavianPerspectiveonEnergyTransition andthe‘Greenification’oftheOilandGasSector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 IgnacioHerreraAnchusteguiandAleksanderGlapiak TheEuropeanGreenDealandRegionalisation:ItalianandPolish CaseStudies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 KatarzynaGromek-Broc EnergyAuctionintheEuropeanUnionwithSpecificReference toMemberStatePracticeinGermanyandFrance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 KoenByttebierandKimVanderBorght TheEnergyTransitionandtheUseofEUFundsintheSpanish andItalianLegalSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 DamianoFuschi StateandMarketinChina’sCoal-to-GasTransition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 FrancescoSassi ix x Contents TendenciesofLegalRegulationintheSphereofRenewableEnergy inRussia. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 181 VictoriaRomanova EnergyTransitioninLatin-AmericanCountries,ExampleCuba: LookingforInterconnectionswithFoodSovereignty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 JorgeFreddyMilianGómez,JoséGrabielLuisCordova,andYanelys DelgadoTriana IsThereaRegionalApproachtotheEnergyTransition inSub-SaharanAfrica?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 EliasZigah IneluctableTransnationalism,andtheRegionalApproach totheEnergyTransition. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 233 NavrajSinghGhaleigh FromCoaltoClimateChange:AnAustralianPerspectiveonthe EnergyTransition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 TinaSolimanHunterandMadelineTaylor AComparativeAnalysisofElectricityAccessInitiativesin Sub-SaharanAfrica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 EliasZigahandAnnaCreti Conclusion:WhatDoestheFutureHoldfortheEnergySector?. . . . . . 307 KatarzynaGromek-Broc
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