REDUCING THE COST OF SPACECRAFT GROUND SYSTEMS AND OPERATIONS Space Technology Proceedings VOLUME 3 REDUCING THE COST OF SPACECRAFT GROUND SYSTEMS AND OPERATIONS Edited by JIlJ~-JIlf ~IJ\lJ National Cheng Kung University, Tainan,Taiwan and RIClfJ\RD lfOLDJ\WJ\Y RutherfordAppletonLaboratory, Chilton,Didcot, u.«. Oxfordshire, Springer-Science+Business Media, B.Y. AC.I_P.Catalogue recordfor thisbookisavailable fromtheLibraryufCongress. ISBN 978-90-481-5400-5 ISBN 978-94-015-9395-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9395-3 PrintedOil acid-free(Japer AllRights Reserved ©SpringerScience-BusinessMediaDordrecht2000 OriginallypublishedbyKluwerAcademicPublishersin2000. Softcoverreprintofthebarcover1stedition2000 Nopart ofthe material protected bythiscopyrightnotice maybereproduced or utilized inanyformorbyany means,electronicor mechanical, including photocopying,recordingorbyanyinformationstorage and retrievalsystem, withoutwrittenpermission fromthecopyrightowner. Contents Preface ix Session1 Mission Operations(MO) TheHistoryandContinuingQuesttoReducetheCostsofSpacecraftGroundStations andOperations. (RHoldaway) Deepspacenetworkrevitalization-operationsforthe21stcentury (JIStatmen) 9 SLE-Services,aSteptoStandardisationinCrossSupport? (MPilgram) 17 ROCSATMulti-MissionOperationsCenter (CTYang,f{CMeng, HSChang) 25 MinimumFuelStationKeepingManoeuvreStrategyforTURKSATGeostationary 33 Satellites (TErdal.OTekinalp,YTulunay) Session2 TelemetryTrackingand Command(TTC) Low-costgroundstationofKitSAT-3 (SDChoi,SMin,DShin) 41 AGenericMethodforTransferringTelemetryandTelecommandDatawithVarious ServiceRequirements (TYamada) TheOperationofCKOI GPSTrackingStation (CLTseng,WYWang,CSHo) 57 ImplementationofNSPORemoteSensingDataAcquisitionSystem 61 (F Wu,RKao) SatelliteGroundSystemProcurementwithoutSoftwareDevelopment 69 (PGaffney) Session3 AutonomousOperations(AO) AutonomousCommandOperationsoftheWIRESpacecraft (MPrior, 79 RSaylor,KDWalyus) GroundStationAutonomousOperations (PA Vaughan) 87 AutonomousProcedureExecution:AMeansOfReducingRosettaOperationsCost 97 (PFerri, MWarhaut, ESorensen) TheSpacecraftEmergencyResponseSystem(SERS)ForAutonomousMission 105 Operations (JBreed, PBaker,KDChu,CStarr,JFox,MBaitinger) TheArchitectureofDistributedFusionSystemforEarthObservation 113 (AMDShr;ALiu) ROCSAT-IScienceDataArchiveandDistributionSystem (MPong,JLee, 123 J Wang) Session4 Mission Planning(MP) CostReductionofSatellitesystems:LessonLearnedfromROCSATPrograms 127 (JMShyu) ROCSAT-I MissionPlanningandSchedulingSystem (SHHuang, 135 Chia Csoong) NSPOMulti-SatellitesFlightDynamicsFacilityForROCSATSpacecraftProgram 143 (WTShiau,SCChang,SJLiu) SeparatedSpacecraftInterferometry-SystemArchitectureDesignandOptimization 153 (CDJilla,DWMiller) FlyingCassiniWithVirtualOperationsTeams (SRDodd,RGustavson) 161 vi Session5 Smalland MiniSatellitesSupport(SM) MicrosatellitesandMinisatellitesforLowCostMissions (MSweeting) 169 ALow-CostGroundStationfortheSmallSatelliteBIRD (HKayal) 177 APreliminaryStudyonAeroassistedReentryofanLEOMicrosatcllite 185 (J-SChern. DLSheu) On-boardRestartProgramwithMS-DOSFunctionCallsforSmallSatellites 193 (INakajim,HJuzoji,ANakajima.KMugita) Session6 Smalland MiniSatellitesSupport(SM) DesignandAnalysisofLowOrbitingFourierTransformSpectrometerSensorcraft 201 (MCHendrickson.SDAnderson.DTBaird.PNHinchy,TDJack.SNNoll. KESmith. LMZdanis,J-NJuang) MicroStarTrackerandAttitudeDeterminationSystem (GJu,HYKim. 209 TCPollock.JLJunkins) ToReducetheSizeofSatellites (JNJuang,WKChu,KBMa) 219 TheGroundSystemandtheMissionSupportForROCSATSpaceProgram 223 (JJLee) DesignConceptforaMiniaturized,High-ResolutionFourierTransformSpectrometer 229 (MCAbrams.DEHinton) Session7 DataProcessing(DP) DevelopmentofROCSAT-IPROGRAM (DFChu) 237 Low-Cost,High-RateDataProcessing (CMirchandani,DNguyen) 245 HubbleSpaceTelescopeServicingMissionDataBaseSupports (CSHsieh) 253 LowCostArchives (CHPerry.PVaughan) 261 UsingDataArchiveStandardsforCostReduction (DGiaretta,PMazal, 269 NPeccia,DSawyer) SpaceTechnologyEducationandTrainingThroughaLowCostAmateurSatellite 275 GroundStationDevelopment (FBHsiao.HPLiu,CCChen) Session8 MissionControlCenters(MCC) IntroductiontotheROCSAT-2Program (HCWang) 283 MonitoringandDiagnosticExpertSystemforMarsProbe"NOZOMI" 293 (MHashimoto.NNishigori,MMizutani) DesigningaCommercialGroundSystemtoReducetheCostofMissionOperations 30I (TCSorensen.RCampion.JDevine.DBakeris,TProbert) ToolsforOperationsPreparationandAutomation:TheOPSWAREApproach 309 (FLecouat,J-MDarroy) TheSCOS" MimicsSystem,anAdvancedDisplayfacilityforMissionControlSystems 317 (ABaldi.MFreschi) Session9 DevelopmentTools(DT) IntroductiontoROCSAT-3Program (CWLiu) 327 ACostSavingProject:AdaptingaModemSatelliteControlSystemtoReplacean 333 OutdatedGroundSupportSystem(GSSS) (NLi) SpacecraftAttitudeControlLawDesignUsingLowCostPCBaseReal-TimeSimulator 341 (YYLinTWChern.GLLin) RosettaCommonCheck-outandControlSystem:Achallengeandawaytoreducecost 349 (ESorensen.M Warhaut,PFerri) vii Session 10 Mission Operations(MO) JPL'sApproachtoLowCostMissionOperations- AnOverview (RK.Wilson) 357 TaskingSystemforanEpisodicSpacecraft (RDragonette,ABowman) 365 SpacecraftOnboardSoftwareMaintenance--AnEffectiveApproachwhichReduces 373 CostsandIncreasesScienceReturn (EMShell,YLue,MIChu) LessonsLearnedDuringImplementationandEarlyOperationsof theDSI Beacon 383 MonitorExperiment (RSherwood,JWyatt,HHotz,ASchlutsmeyer;MSue) ReduceCostbyCombiningtheBenchTestSoftware,IntegrationandTestSoftwarewith 393 theMissionOperationsSoftware (MIChu,WMitnick) ReducingOperations,DataFlow,andCost- TheRelationshipsonOneProgram (GE 401 Baer) NavigationOperationswithPrototypeComponentsOfanAutomatedReal-Time 407 SpacecraftNavigationSystem(LACangahuala, TRDrain) Keynote ROC'SSpaceGroundSystemtowardsthe21stCentury (C YTsay) 415 Address Not SatelliteCommunication UsingANovelSymmetric Cryptography Based UponChaotic 419 Presented MaskingSchemeWithHAARWaveletsApproach(KHwang,LChung,YCHEN) SymposiumMembers 437 NameIndex 443 PREFACE We are eternally grateful to the authors who contributed papers to the 3'd International Symposium on 'Reducing the Cost of Spacecraft Ground Systems and Operations'. This symposium was organised by the Institute ofAeronautics and Astronautics at the National Cheng Kung University,Tainan City,Taiwan,fromthe 22-24 March 1999.Approximately 83 people from 10countries aroundthe world attended,with 56papers being presented. During thethree-daySymposiumthepaperscovered topics such asMissionPlanningand Operations, TT&CSystems,MissionControlCentres,andSmall and Mini Satellite Support. Reducing the cost ofspace programs interests people more and more nowadays due to the concernsofbudgetlimitationandcommercialization ofspace technology.Itisour purpose to publishthe Symposiumpapers asabookofproceedingsandtodistributeittothose whowere not able to attend the meeting. We believe that the issue of reducing the cost of space programsismore importantnowadays aswellasinthefuture. Finally,wewouldliketotake this opportunitytoexpress our sincere appreciationtoall ofthe sponsors and to those members ofthe committee who helped organize the Symposium. Our appreciation also goes out to colleagues and students in the Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Aerospace Science and Technology Research Centre, National Cheng Kung University. Finally,we would especially like to thank Graham Holdaway (Conference Technical Secretary) for all his help during the conference and for the publication ofthis book. ProfJuln-JihMiau ProfRichardHoldaway Local CommitteeChairman, RutherfordAppletonLaboratory, Institute ofAeronauticsand Astronautics, Chilton,Didcot, NationalCheng Kung University, Oxfordshire, Tainan,Taiwan 70101, OXIIOQX, RepublicofChina. England. E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] ix THEHISTORYAND CONTINUINGQUESTTO REDUCETHECOSTSOF SPACECRAFTGROUND STATIONSAND OPERATIONS RICHARD HOLDAWAY Director,SpaceScience,RutherfordAppletonLaboratory, Oxford,U.K. Abstract. Spacecraft hardware, instruments and launchers have undergone a trend towards lower costs per unit "value" in recent years. This is similar to the trend experienced in the computer industry. As the capability ofsoftware systems has risen, so has the percentage mission cost ofthe Ground System and Operations. There istherefore aclear need tofocuscost reduction techniques totheGround systemandOperations. This paper outlines the background to the setting upofthe first three International Symposia onReducing theCosts ofSpacecraft GroundSystemsandOperations,andhighlights themain issuesatstake. Keywords. Autonomy, cost reduction, ground systems, satellite operations, satellite systems. Figure 1 RAL 12mS-bandantenna J.J.MiauandR.Holdaway(eds.),ReducingtheCostof SpacecraftGroundSystemsandOperations.1-8. ©2000KluwerAcademicPublishers. 2 1.Introduction Well before Mr Daniel Goldin's famous dictum 'Faster, Better, Cheaper' there was growing pressure from users to reduce the cost ofaccess to Space. During the late 1980's and early 1990's there began a trend of lowering the cost per unit 'value' of spacecraft hardware and spacecraft instruments. At the same time the search began (and isstill continuing) for lower launchcosts. In the early 1990's The International Academy ofAstronautics led astudy of spacecraft cost reductions,andpresented itsfindings inareport"The Case forSmall Satellites" published in ActaAstronautica, Vol31inOctober 1993. OneofthefindingsofthereportwasthatGround System Technology and Operation Logistics had not followed the spaced-based hardware trend oflowercosts. The study report was discussed inan IAASmall-Satellites Committee Sessionduring the30th COSPAR Scientific Assembly in Hamburg, Germany in July 1994. As so often happens at Conferences, a small sub-set of the IAA Small-Satellite Committee continued to discuss the study report findings inaquietcomer oftheConferenceCentrecoffeelounge! Frommemory the imbibers ofcoffee and discussers ofthe report consisted of Arnoldo Valenzuela (then at MPE), Richard Holdaway (RAL),CCChao(formerDirectoroftheInstituteofAeronautics& AstronauticsatNational ChengKungUniversity,Taiwan)andRhodaHornstein (NASAHQ). The particularissue taxing thegrey cells was"what mightbe doneto expedite the realisation of reducing the costs of Ground Systems". The conclusion was to hold an International Symposium, bringing together experts from Industry, Academia, Research Institutes and Space Agencies to present and discuss the main issues. An offer was made to hold the SymposiumintheUK,inthesecondhalfofthefollowingyear(1995). 2.InauguralSymposium The 151International Symposiumon"Reducing theCostofSpacecraftGround Systemsand Operations"washeldattheRutherfordAppleton LaboratoryinOxfordshire,UKfrom27 29September 1995. Atotalof92paperswerepresented,andtheSymposiumwasattended by 173participants from 10countries, includingAgencyrepresentatives fromNASA, ESA, ISAS,NASDA andBNSC. Sessionscovered thefollowingtopics:Cost-effective Operations;DataHandling; LowCost Missions; Standards& Procedures;AutonomousControlandReusability. 3.SecondSymposium Following the undoubted success of the Isr Symposium and as a result of participant comments solicited by questionnaire, it was agreed to hold a second Symposium in 1997. Again the UKoffered tohostthe Symposium,and thedecisionwas thereby made tohold the 2ndInternational SymposiumatKebleCollege,Oxford,UKfrom21-23July 1997.