Reducing the Cost of Spacecraft Ground Systems and Operations

433 Pages·2000·20.901 MB·English

by  Richard Holdaway (auth.), Jiun-Jih Miau, Richard Holdaway (eds.)

REDUCING THE COST OF
SPACECRAFT GROUND SYSTEMS AND OPERATIONS
Space Technology Proceedings
VOLUME 3
REDUCING THE COST OF
SPACECRAFT GROUND
SYSTEMS AND
OPERATIONS
Edited by
JIlJ~-JIlf ~IJ\lJ
National Cheng Kung University,
Tainan,Taiwan
and
RIClfJ\RD lfOLDJ\WJ\Y
RutherfordAppletonLaboratory, Chilton,Didcot,
u.«.
Oxfordshire,
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.Y.
AC.I_P.Catalogue recordfor thisbookisavailable fromtheLibraryufCongress.
ISBN 978-90-481-5400-5 ISBN 978-94-015-9395-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9395-3
PrintedOil acid-free(Japer
AllRights Reserved
©SpringerScience-BusinessMediaDordrecht2000
OriginallypublishedbyKluwerAcademicPublishersin2000.
Softcoverreprintofthebarcover1stedition2000
Nopart ofthe material protected bythiscopyrightnotice maybereproduced or
utilized inanyformorbyany means,electronicor mechanical,
including photocopying,recordingorbyanyinformationstorage and
retrievalsystem, withoutwrittenpermission fromthecopyrightowner.
Contents
Preface ix
Session1 Mission Operations(MO)
TheHistoryandContinuingQuesttoReducetheCostsofSpacecraftGroundStations
andOperations. (RHoldaway)
Deepspacenetworkrevitalization-operationsforthe21stcentury (JIStatmen) 9
SLE-Services,aSteptoStandardisationinCrossSupport? (MPilgram) 17
ROCSATMulti-MissionOperationsCenter (CTYang,f{CMeng, HSChang) 25
MinimumFuelStationKeepingManoeuvreStrategyforTURKSATGeostationary 33
Satellites (TErdal.OTekinalp,YTulunay)
Session2 TelemetryTrackingand Command(TTC)
Low-costgroundstationofKitSAT-3 (SDChoi,SMin,DShin) 41
AGenericMethodforTransferringTelemetryandTelecommandDatawithVarious
ServiceRequirements (TYamada)
TheOperationofCKOI GPSTrackingStation (CLTseng,WYWang,CSHo) 57
ImplementationofNSPORemoteSensingDataAcquisitionSystem 61
(F Wu,RKao)
SatelliteGroundSystemProcurementwithoutSoftwareDevelopment 69
(PGaffney)
Session3 AutonomousOperations(AO)
AutonomousCommandOperationsoftheWIRESpacecraft (MPrior, 79
RSaylor,KDWalyus)
GroundStationAutonomousOperations (PA Vaughan) 87
AutonomousProcedureExecution:AMeansOfReducingRosettaOperationsCost 97
(PFerri, MWarhaut, ESorensen)
TheSpacecraftEmergencyResponseSystem(SERS)ForAutonomousMission 105
Operations (JBreed, PBaker,KDChu,CStarr,JFox,MBaitinger)
TheArchitectureofDistributedFusionSystemforEarthObservation 113
(AMDShr;ALiu)
ROCSAT-IScienceDataArchiveandDistributionSystem (MPong,JLee, 123
J Wang)
Session4 Mission Planning(MP)
CostReductionofSatellitesystems:LessonLearnedfromROCSATPrograms 127
(JMShyu)
ROCSAT-I MissionPlanningandSchedulingSystem (SHHuang, 135
Chia Csoong)
NSPOMulti-SatellitesFlightDynamicsFacilityForROCSATSpacecraftProgram 143
(WTShiau,SCChang,SJLiu)
SeparatedSpacecraftInterferometry-SystemArchitectureDesignandOptimization 153
(CDJilla,DWMiller)
FlyingCassiniWithVirtualOperationsTeams (SRDodd,RGustavson) 161
vi
Session5 Smalland MiniSatellitesSupport(SM)
MicrosatellitesandMinisatellitesforLowCostMissions (MSweeting) 169
ALow-CostGroundStationfortheSmallSatelliteBIRD (HKayal) 177
APreliminaryStudyonAeroassistedReentryofanLEOMicrosatcllite 185
(J-SChern. DLSheu)
On-boardRestartProgramwithMS-DOSFunctionCallsforSmallSatellites 193
(INakajim,HJuzoji,ANakajima.KMugita)
Session6 Smalland MiniSatellitesSupport(SM)
DesignandAnalysisofLowOrbitingFourierTransformSpectrometerSensorcraft 201
(MCHendrickson.SDAnderson.DTBaird.PNHinchy,TDJack.SNNoll.
KESmith. LMZdanis,J-NJuang)
MicroStarTrackerandAttitudeDeterminationSystem (GJu,HYKim. 209
TCPollock.JLJunkins)
ToReducetheSizeofSatellites (JNJuang,WKChu,KBMa) 219
TheGroundSystemandtheMissionSupportForROCSATSpaceProgram 223
(JJLee)
DesignConceptforaMiniaturized,High-ResolutionFourierTransformSpectrometer 229
(MCAbrams.DEHinton)
Session7 DataProcessing(DP)
DevelopmentofROCSAT-IPROGRAM (DFChu) 237
Low-Cost,High-RateDataProcessing (CMirchandani,DNguyen) 245
HubbleSpaceTelescopeServicingMissionDataBaseSupports (CSHsieh) 253
LowCostArchives (CHPerry.PVaughan) 261
UsingDataArchiveStandardsforCostReduction (DGiaretta,PMazal, 269
NPeccia,DSawyer)
SpaceTechnologyEducationandTrainingThroughaLowCostAmateurSatellite 275
GroundStationDevelopment (FBHsiao.HPLiu,CCChen)
Session8 MissionControlCenters(MCC)
IntroductiontotheROCSAT-2Program (HCWang) 283
MonitoringandDiagnosticExpertSystemforMarsProbe"NOZOMI" 293
(MHashimoto.NNishigori,MMizutani)
DesigningaCommercialGroundSystemtoReducetheCostofMissionOperations 30I
(TCSorensen.RCampion.JDevine.DBakeris,TProbert)
ToolsforOperationsPreparationandAutomation:TheOPSWAREApproach 309
(FLecouat,J-MDarroy)
TheSCOS" MimicsSystem,anAdvancedDisplayfacilityforMissionControlSystems 317
(ABaldi.MFreschi)
Session9 DevelopmentTools(DT)
IntroductiontoROCSAT-3Program (CWLiu) 327
ACostSavingProject:AdaptingaModemSatelliteControlSystemtoReplacean 333
OutdatedGroundSupportSystem(GSSS) (NLi)
SpacecraftAttitudeControlLawDesignUsingLowCostPCBaseReal-TimeSimulator 341
(YYLinTWChern.GLLin)
RosettaCommonCheck-outandControlSystem:Achallengeandawaytoreducecost 349
(ESorensen.M Warhaut,PFerri)
vii
Session 10 Mission Operations(MO)
JPL'sApproachtoLowCostMissionOperations- AnOverview (RK.Wilson) 357
TaskingSystemforanEpisodicSpacecraft (RDragonette,ABowman) 365
SpacecraftOnboardSoftwareMaintenance--AnEffectiveApproachwhichReduces 373
CostsandIncreasesScienceReturn (EMShell,YLue,MIChu)
LessonsLearnedDuringImplementationandEarlyOperationsof theDSI Beacon 383
MonitorExperiment (RSherwood,JWyatt,HHotz,ASchlutsmeyer;MSue)
ReduceCostbyCombiningtheBenchTestSoftware,IntegrationandTestSoftwarewith 393
theMissionOperationsSoftware (MIChu,WMitnick)
ReducingOperations,DataFlow,andCost- TheRelationshipsonOneProgram (GE 401
Baer)
NavigationOperationswithPrototypeComponentsOfanAutomatedReal-Time 407
SpacecraftNavigationSystem(LACangahuala, TRDrain)
Keynote ROC'SSpaceGroundSystemtowardsthe21stCentury (C YTsay) 415
Address
Not SatelliteCommunication UsingANovelSymmetric Cryptography Based UponChaotic 419
Presented MaskingSchemeWithHAARWaveletsApproach(KHwang,LChung,YCHEN)
SymposiumMembers 437
NameIndex 443
PREFACE
We are eternally grateful to the authors who contributed papers to the 3'd International
Symposium on 'Reducing the Cost of Spacecraft Ground Systems and Operations'. This
symposium was organised by the Institute ofAeronautics and Astronautics at the National
Cheng Kung University,Tainan City,Taiwan,fromthe 22-24 March 1999.Approximately 83
people from 10countries aroundthe world attended,with 56papers being presented. During
thethree-daySymposiumthepaperscovered topics such asMissionPlanningand Operations,
TT&CSystems,MissionControlCentres,andSmall and Mini Satellite Support.
Reducing the cost ofspace programs interests people more and more nowadays due to the
concernsofbudgetlimitationandcommercialization ofspace technology.Itisour purpose to
publishthe Symposiumpapers asabookofproceedingsandtodistributeittothose whowere
not able to attend the meeting. We believe that the issue of reducing the cost of space
programsismore importantnowadays aswellasinthefuture.
Finally,wewouldliketotake this opportunitytoexpress our sincere appreciationtoall ofthe
sponsors and to those members ofthe committee who helped organize the Symposium. Our
appreciation also goes out to colleagues and students in the Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics and the Aerospace Science and Technology Research Centre, National Cheng
Kung University. Finally,we would especially like to thank Graham Holdaway (Conference
Technical Secretary) for all his help during the conference and for the publication ofthis
book.
ProfJuln-JihMiau ProfRichardHoldaway
Local CommitteeChairman, RutherfordAppletonLaboratory,
Institute ofAeronauticsand Astronautics, Chilton,Didcot,
NationalCheng Kung University, Oxfordshire,
Tainan,Taiwan 70101, OXIIOQX,
RepublicofChina. England.
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
ix
THEHISTORYAND CONTINUINGQUESTTO REDUCETHECOSTSOF
SPACECRAFTGROUND STATIONSAND OPERATIONS
RICHARD HOLDAWAY
Director,SpaceScience,RutherfordAppletonLaboratory, Oxford,U.K.
Abstract.
Spacecraft hardware, instruments and launchers have undergone a trend towards lower costs
per unit "value" in recent years. This is similar to the trend experienced in the computer
industry. As the capability ofsoftware systems has risen, so has the percentage mission cost
ofthe Ground System and Operations. There istherefore aclear need tofocuscost reduction
techniques totheGround systemandOperations.
This paper outlines the background to the setting upofthe first three International Symposia
onReducing theCosts ofSpacecraft GroundSystemsandOperations,andhighlights themain
issuesatstake.
Keywords. Autonomy, cost reduction, ground systems, satellite operations, satellite
systems.
Figure 1 RAL 12mS-bandantenna
J.J.MiauandR.Holdaway(eds.),ReducingtheCostof SpacecraftGroundSystemsandOperations.1-8.
©2000KluwerAcademicPublishers.
2
1.Introduction
Well before Mr Daniel Goldin's famous dictum 'Faster, Better, Cheaper' there was growing
pressure from users to reduce the cost ofaccess to Space. During the late 1980's and early
1990's there began a trend of lowering the cost per unit 'value' of spacecraft hardware and
spacecraft instruments. At the same time the search began (and isstill continuing) for lower
launchcosts.
In the early 1990's The International Academy ofAstronautics led astudy of spacecraft cost
reductions,andpresented itsfindings inareport"The Case forSmall Satellites" published in
ActaAstronautica, Vol31inOctober 1993. OneofthefindingsofthereportwasthatGround
System Technology and Operation Logistics had not followed the spaced-based hardware
trend oflowercosts.
The study report was discussed inan IAASmall-Satellites Committee Sessionduring the30th
COSPAR Scientific Assembly in Hamburg, Germany in July 1994. As so often happens at
Conferences, a small sub-set of the IAA Small-Satellite Committee continued to discuss the
study report findings inaquietcomer oftheConferenceCentrecoffeelounge! Frommemory
the imbibers ofcoffee and discussers ofthe report consisted of Arnoldo Valenzuela (then at
MPE), Richard Holdaway (RAL),CCChao(formerDirectoroftheInstituteofAeronautics&
AstronauticsatNational ChengKungUniversity,Taiwan)andRhodaHornstein (NASAHQ).
The particularissue taxing thegrey cells was"what mightbe doneto expedite the realisation
of reducing the costs of Ground Systems". The conclusion was to hold an International
Symposium, bringing together experts from Industry, Academia, Research Institutes and
Space Agencies to present and discuss the main issues. An offer was made to hold the
SymposiumintheUK,inthesecondhalfofthefollowingyear(1995).
2.InauguralSymposium
The 151International Symposiumon"Reducing theCostofSpacecraftGround Systemsand
Operations"washeldattheRutherfordAppleton LaboratoryinOxfordshire,UKfrom27
29September 1995. Atotalof92paperswerepresented,andtheSymposiumwasattended
by 173participants from 10countries, includingAgencyrepresentatives fromNASA, ESA,
ISAS,NASDA andBNSC.
Sessionscovered thefollowingtopics:Cost-effective Operations;DataHandling; LowCost
Missions; Standards& Procedures;AutonomousControlandReusability.
3.SecondSymposium
Following the undoubted success of the Isr Symposium and as a result of participant
comments solicited by questionnaire, it was agreed to hold a second Symposium in 1997.
Again the UKoffered tohostthe Symposium,and thedecisionwas thereby made tohold the
2ndInternational SymposiumatKebleCollege,Oxford,UKfrom21-23July 1997.