Recent Advances in Geotechnical Research PDF
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Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering Wei Wu Editor Recent Advances in Geotechnical Research Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering Series editor Wei Wu, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria e-mail: [email protected] Geomechanicsdealswiththeapplicationoftheprincipleofmechanicstogeomaterials including experimental, analytical and numerical investigations into the mechani- cal, physical,hydraulic and thermal propertiesofgeomaterialsasmultiphasemedia. Geoengineeringcoversawiderangeofengineeringdisciplinesrelatedtogeomateri- alsfromtraditionaltoemergingareas. Theobjectiveofthebookseriesistopublishmonographs,handbooks,workshop proceedingsandtextbooks.Thebookseriesisintendedtocoverboththestate-of-the- art and the recent developments in geomechanics and geoengineering. Besides researchers, the series provides valuable references for engineering practitioners andgraduatestudents. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8069 Wei Wu Editor Recent Advances in Geotechnical Research 123 Editor Wei Wu Institute of Geotechnical Engineering University of Natural ResourcesandLife Sciences Vienna,Austria ISSN 1866-8755 ISSN 1866-8763 (electronic) SpringerSeries inGeomechanics andGeoengineering ISBN978-3-319-89670-0 ISBN978-3-319-89671-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89671-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018937705 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerInternationalPublishingAG partofSpringerNature Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface This book brings together some 19 papers by members of our institute and our project partners. The book presents a snapshot of the research activities between 2014 and 2016 at our institute in Vienna. The research in this period is charac- terized by three research projects funded by the European Commission, i.e. MUMOLADE (Multiscale modelling of landslide and debris flow), REVENUES (Reinforced Vegetation Numerical Evaluation of Slopes) and GEORAMP (Geohazards—RiskAssessment,MitigationandPrevention).Allthreeprojectsdeal with the major forms of geohazards,i.e. landslideand debrisflow. Both numerical andexperimentaltechniquesareused,e.g.geotechnicalcentrifuge,FEMandSPH. The effect of plants on slope stabilization has received much attention. Granular mechanics and constitutive modelling remain the eternal topics in our institute. WebenefitfromthestaffexchangewithpartnersinChina,EuropeandUSA.We thanktheEuropeanCommissionforthefinancialsupporttothefollowingprojects: (cid:129) MUMOLADE(Multiscalemodellingoflandslideanddebrisflow),ContractNr. 289911, Marie Curie ITN within the 7th Frame Program; (cid:129) REVENUES(ReinforcedVegetationNumericalEvaluationofSlopes),Contract Nr.32446,Industry-AcademiaPartnershipsandPathways(IAPP)withinthe7th Frame Program; (cid:129) GEORAMP (Geohazards—Risk Assessment, Mitigation and Prevention), Project ID: 645665, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) within Horizon 2020. All members of our institute and our project partners deserve my heartfelt thanks.Iwishtothank oursecretaryJenny Allénforproof readingandcompiling. Vienna, Austria Wei Wu October 2017 v Contents Role of Plants—Results of Pore Pressure Monitoring in a Slope . . . . . . 1 M. S. Acharya A Probabilistic 3-D Slope Stability Analysis for Forest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Alessio Cislaghi, Chiara Vergani, Enrico Antonio Chiaradia and Gian Battista Bischetti Effect of Eccentricity and Boundary on Jet Formation of Soft Fine Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Deshan Cui, Wei Wu, Wei Xiang, Qiong Chen and Shun Wang Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Stick-Slip Instability of Granular Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Deshan Cui, Wei Wu, Wei Xiang, Qiong Chen and Shun Wang Combination of Decisive Properties of Soil in Science and Geotechnics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Werner Gerber Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Slope Stabilisation Functions of Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Frank Graf, Alexander Bast, Holger Gärtner and Anil Yildiz Shear Strength of Granular Soil Under Saturated and Unsaturated Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Gregor Idinger and Wei Wu Failure of Unsaturated Soil Slopes Initiated by Self-weight Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Gregor Idinger and Wei Wu Centrifuge Study of Soil Arching in Slope Reinforced by Piles . . . . . . . 105 Guoping Lei, Sara Usai and Wei Wu vii viii Contents Quantitative Description of Orthotropic Fabric of Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Xue-feng Li, Yu-qi He, Jing-qiao Liu and Wei Wu A Novel Description of Plastic Strain Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Xue-feng Li, Yu-qi He, Liang Kong, Wei Wu and Yan-chang Wang Experimental and Numerical Study on Heat Transfer of Soil Around Underground Cable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 JiaLin,AndreasBolzer,HerbertSchort,MarkusRaucheckerandWeiWu Analytical Solutions for Steady Granular Flows in Simple Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Chong Peng, Xiaogang Guo and Wei Wu Measuring the Tensile Strength of Phleum pratense L. Roots. . . . . . . . . 163 Markus Rauchecker, Karin Wriessnig and Wei Wu Shallow Landslides: Retrospective Analysis of the Protective Effects of Forest and Conclusions for Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Christian Rickli, Peter Bebi, Frank Graf and Christine Moos Simulation of Rainfall-Induced Landslide of the Vegetated Slope . . . . . 187 Barbara Maria Świtała and Wei Wu Behaviour of Reinforced Sand with Synthetic Fibres in a Centrifuge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Rick Veenhof and Wei Wu Extension of a Basic Hypoplastic Model for Cohesive Soils . . . . . . . . . . 211 Shun Wang and Wei Wu Temperature Effect on the Compressive Strength of Frozen Soils: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Guofang Xu, Jilin Qi and Wei Wu Role of Plants—Results of Pore Pressure Monitoring in a Slope M.S.Acharya Abstract Plantsonaslopecanhavemechanical,biologicalandhydrologicalroles whichinfluencethestabilityoftheslope.Inmostcases,soilmoistureandsub-surface waterplayavitalroleinthestabilityofaslope.Soilmoisture,porewaterpressure andthemovementofsurfaceandsub-surfacewateraregenerallydependentonthe characteristics of soils and density of vegetation growing on the slope. In order to investigatetheeffectsofplantsonthesoilstrength,fieldmonitoringofsoilmoisture and pore water pressure on a slope supported by a vegetative log crib wall was carriedoutinLowerAustriaforaperiodofabout18months.Themonitoringresult showsthatthepresenceofplantsstabilizesthesoilmoisturefluctuationsduringdry season, increases the soil suction and reduces the pore water pressure during the plant growth season. With the growth of plants, the rate of fluctuations of the soil moisture decreases over time. The rainfall has no significant effects on pore water pressurefluctuationsduringtheactiveplantgrowthseason. 1 Introduction The stability of a slope depends on the strength of the soil material comprising of the slope and its geometry. Plants growing on the slope can have mechanical, biologicalandhydrologicalroleswhichinfluencethephysicalcharacteristicsofthe earth materials on the slope, which ultimately affect the stability. The mechanical contributionsofplantsmainlyarisefromthephysicalinteractionsofeitherthefoliage ortherootsystemoftheplantsgrowingontheslope[3].Thebiologicalcontribution in the soil strength may be due to soil aggregation by plant roots because a plant B M.S.Acharya( ) InstituteofGeotechnicalEngineering,UniversityofNaturalResources andLifeSciences,Feistmantelstrasse4,1180Vienna,Austria e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2019 1 W.Wu(ed.),RecentAdvancesinGeotechnicalResearch, SpringerSeriesinGeomechanicsandGeoengineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89671-7_1 2 M.S.Acharya generally enhances the biological activities in the soil, which affects the physical andchemicalcharacteristicsofthesoilandthenaturaldrainagesystemoftheslope, whichfinallyhasaninfluenceonthestability.Likewise,theplantsonaslopewill alsoaffectthehydrologicalandmorphologicalcharacteristicsoftheslope,whichhas asignificantinfluenceonsoilmoisturebalance,whichagainaffectsthesoilstrength. Moreover, the plants on a slope play a vital role in the hydrological cycle and the surrounding ecosystem. Plant leaves intercept rainfall, causing absorptive and evaporative losses that reduce the amount of rainwater available for infiltration or makingsplashonthesurface.Rootsandstemsincreasetheroughnessoftheground surfaceandthepermeabilityofthesoil,leadingtoincreasedinfiltrationcapacityof the ground, which generally have a positive role in slope stability. With increased permeability,itmaysometimescausedepletionofsoilmoistureintheupperstrata whichmayaccentuatedesiccationcrackinginthesoilresultinginhigherinfiltration capacity,whichhasanegativeeffectinslopestability[4].Ingeneral,theplantroots increase the soil suction reducing pore water pressures, which again significantly increases the cohesion (c), and also the friction angle (ϕ) to some extent. In an experimental investigation carried out on a highway embankment in Germany, an increaseineffectivecohesionfrom1.1to6.3kN/m2andfrictionanglefrom33.1°to 34.7°wereobserved[5].Ingeneral,theneteffectofvegetationonaslopeisusually beneficialtoslopestability. In general, there are five main functions that the plants may perform within a soil bioengineering system (i.e. in a vegetative structure): support, anchor, drain, reinforceandarmour.Dependinguponthetypeofplantsusedinsoilbioengineering, thenatureofslopeandsoilcharacteristics,theplantmayperformoneormoreofthe abovefunctionsandplaysavitalroleintheslopestability.Reckoningthebeneficial roles of vegetation on slope stability, the trend in use of vegetative systems in the formofdifferentsoilbioengineeringtechniquesisincreasing.Properlyinstalledand maintained vegetation systems can protect and strengthen the slopes by reducing erosion,strengtheningsoilandinhibitinglandslides. In the above context, field monitoring of plant-soil parameters that affect the stability of the vegetated slope will be very important to understand the complex roleofvegetationonslopestability.Inordertoinvestigatetheeffectsofplantson the soil strength, field monitoring of soil moisture and pore water pressure on a slopesupportedbyavegetativelogcribwallwascarriedoutinLowerAustriafor aperiodofabout18months.Therainfallandtemperaturedatawerealsocollected. Theresultsofthefieldmeasurementsofsoilmoistureandporewaterpressurewithin thesupportedbackfillareaofthevegetatedcribwallarereportedinthispaper.
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