Reactions and Mechanisms in Thermal Analysis of Advanced Materials

612 Pages·2015·36.93 MB·English

by  Atul Tiwari, Baldev Raj

Reactions and Mechanisms in Thermal
Analysis of Advanced Materials
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Materials Degradation and Failure Series
Studies and investigations on materials failure are critical aspects of science and engineering.
The failure analysis of existing materials and the development of new materials demands i n-depth
understanding of the concepts and principles involved in the deterioration of materials
The Material’s Degradation and Failure series encourages the publication of titles that are
centered on understanding the failure in materials. Topics treating the kinetics and mechanism
of degradation of materials is of particular interest. Similarly, characterization techniques that
record macroscopic (e.g., tensile testing), microscopic (e.g., in-situ observation) and nanoscopic
(e.g., nanoindentation) damages in materials will be of interest. Modeling studies that cover failure
in materials will also be included in this series.
Series Editors: Atul Tiwari and Baldev Raj
Dr. Atul Tiwari, CChem
Director, R&D, Pantheon Chemicals
225 W. Deer Valley Road #4
Phoenix, AZ 85027 USA
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Dr. Baldev Raj, FTWAS, FNAE, FNA, FASc, FNASc
Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies
Indian Institute of Science Campus
Bangalore 560 012, India
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Reactions and Mechanisms
in Thermal Analysis of
Advanced Materials
Edited by
Atul Tiwari and Baldev Raj
Copyright © 2015 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Cover design by Atul Tiwari and Russell Richardson
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-119-11757-5
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xv
Part 1: Degradation of Polymers
1 Thermal Stability of Organic Monolayers Covalently Grafted on
Silicon Surfaces 3
Florent Yang, Philippe Allongue, François Ozanam and Jean-Noël Chazalviel
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Hydrogen-Terminated Si Surfaces 6
1.2 Alkyl-Grafted Surfaces 8
1.2.1 Preparation 8
1.2.2 Thermal Stability of Alkyl-Grafted Surfaces 9
1.2.3 Case of Substituted Alkyl Surfaces 14
1.3 Alkoxy-Grafted Surfaces 15
1.3.1 Preparation 15
1.3.2 Thermal Stability of Alkoxy-Grafted Surfaces 17
1.4 Surfaces Grafted with Aryl Groups 19
1.4.1 Preparation 19
1.4.2 Thermal Stability 20
1.5 Surfaces Grafted via Si–N Linkages 22
1.5.1 Preparation 22
1.5.2 Thermal Stability 23
1.5.2.1 The Thermal Treatment of the Si Surface with NH 24
3
1.5.2.2 Thermal Stability of the Modified Surfaces 26
1.6 Summary 27
References 30
2 Thermal Analysis to Discriminate the Stability of Biomedical
Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylenes Formulations 39
María José Martínez-Morlanes and Francisco Javier Medel
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Suitability of TGA Analysis for the Study of Stability of
Medical Polyethylene 42
2.2.1 Introduction 42
2.2.2 Degradation Curves of UHMWPE Depending on the Reaction
Atmosphere 43
2.2.3 Decomposition Processes of UHMWPE in Air 45
2.2.3.1 Thermo-oxidation Process 45
2.2.3.2 Thermal Degradation Process of UHMWPE 47
2.2.4 Irradiation Effects on the Thermogravimetric
Curves of UHMWPE 49
v
vi Contents
2.2.5 Stabilization of Polyethylene against
Thermo-oxidative Degradation 50
2.3 Activation Energies of Degradation Processes in the
Thermal Decomposition of UHMWPE 56
References 58
3 Materials Obtained by Solid-State Thermal Decomposition of
Coordination Compounds and Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers 63
Oana Carp
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Coordination Compounds and Metal–Organic Coordination
Polymers as Precursors of Oxides 65
3.2.1 Coordination Compounds with Carboxylic Acid as Ligand 67
3.2.2 Coordination’s Compounds as Precursors in the Combustion
Synthesis of Oxides 69
3.2.3 Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers as Precursors of Oxides 71
3.3 Coordination Compounds and Metal–Organic Coordination
Polymers as Precursors of Sulfides 72
3.4 Coordination Compounds as Precursors of Composites 74
3.5 Coordination Compounds and Metal–Organic Coordination
Polymers as Precursors of New Complexes 74
3.6 Coordination Compounds and Metal–Organic Coordination
Polymers as Precursor of Metals 75
3.7 Coordination Compounds as Precursor of Nitrides 76
3.8 Other Materials 77
3.9 Conclusions 77
References 78
4 Methods for Limiting the Flammability of High-Density Polyethylene
with Magnesium Hydroxide 85
Joanna Lenża, Maria Sozańska and Henryk Rydarowski
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Experimental Part 88
4.2.1 Materials 88
4.2.2 Sample Preparation 89
4.2.3 Methods of Testing 89
4.3 Results and Discussion 91
4.3.1 Thermal Stability 91
4.3.2 Flammability 92
4.3.2.1 UL-94 Test 92
4.3.2.2 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) 94
4.3.2.3 Cone Calorimetry 95
4.3.3 Mechanical Properties 97
4.3.4 Microstructure of Fracture Surface of Composites 98
4.4 Conclusions 99
References 100
Contents vii
5 Thermal Analysis in the Study of Polymer (Bio)-degradation 103
Joanna Rydz, Marta Musioł and Henryk Janeczek
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 105
5.2.1 Melting Profile 105
5.2.2 Glass Transition Study 107
5.2.3 Cold Crystallization Analysis 108
5.2.4 Crystallinity Degree 109
5.2.5 Data Analysis of DSC Heat Effects for the Most
Representative (Bio)-degradable Polymers 109
5.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 112
5.3.1 Glass Transition and Melting Study 112
5.3.2 Cold Crystallization Analysis 113
5.3.3 Data Analysis of DMA Heat Effects for the Most
Representative (Bio)degradable Polymers 114
5.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis 115
5.4.1 Thermal Stability 115
5.4.2 Thermal Decomposition Kinetic Model 116
5.4.3 Data Analysis of TGA Heat Effects for the Most
Representative (Bio)-degradable Polymers 119
5.5 Conclusions 120
Acknowledgments 121
References 121
6 Thermal and Oxidative Degradation Behavior of Polymers and
Nanocomposites 127
Gauri Ramasubramanian and Samy Madbouly
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Thermal Degradation 131
6.2.1 Auto-oxidation 132
6.2.2 Pyrolysis 134
6.3 Chemical and Oxidative Degradation 137
6.4 Photo-oxidation 143
6.4.1 Organic Coatings 145
6.4.2 Organic Photovoltaic Materials (OPVs) 148
6.5 Environmental and Biological Degradation 148
6.6 Degradation of Polymer Nanocomposites 154
6.7 Conclusions 162
References 162
7 Thermal Degradation Effects on Polyurethanes and Their Nanocomposites 165
Ivan Navarro-Baena, Marina P. Arrieta, Alicia Mujica-Garcia,
Valentina Sessini, José M. Kenny and Laura Peponi
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 Main Techniques Used for Studying the Thermal Degradation Process 167
7.3 Degradation Mechanisms 169
viii Contents
7.4 Chemical Approaches Used to Improve the Thermal Stability of PU 171
7.5 Thermal Degradation of PU Based on Natural Sources 172
7.5.1 Vegetable Oils-Based PU 172
7.5.2 Bio-poly(ester-urethane)s 173
7.6 Nanocomposites 174
7.6.1 Clays 175
7.6.2 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes 176
7.6.3 Carbon Nanotubes 177
7.6.4 Expandable Graphite and Graphene 177
7.6.5 Cellulose, Starch, and Chitin Reinforcement 178
7.6.6 Other Fillers 181
7.7 PU Electrospun Fibers 181
7.8 Conclusions 184
References 184
8 Controllable Thermal Degradation of Thermosetting Epoxy Resins 191
Zhonggang Wang
8.1 Introduction 191
8.2 Ester-, Carbamate-, and Carbonate-Linked Reworkable Epoxy Resins 193
8.3 Ether-Linked Reworkable Epoxy Resins 195
8.4 Phosphate- and Phosphite-Linked Reworkable Epoxy Resins 196
8.4.1 Thermal Degradation of Phosphate and Phosphite-Linked
Epoxy Resins Cured by Acid Anhydride 196
8.4.2 Comparison of Structure and Thermal Degradation of
Phosphate-Linked Epoxy Resins between Anhydride and
Cationic Curing Methods 199
8.4.3 Degradation Mechanism of Phosphate and Phosphite-Linked
Epoxy Resins 201
8.5 Sulfite-Linked Reworkable Epoxy Resins 204
8.5.1 Thermal Degradation Behavior of Epo-S and Its
Copolymers with ERL-4221 204
8.5.2 Thermal Degradation Mechanism of the Cured Epo-S Network 206
References 207
9 Mechanism of Thermal Degradation of Vinylidene Chloride
Barrier Polymers 209
Bob A. Howell
9.1 Introduction 209
9.2 Discussion 210
9.3 Conclusions 218
References 219
10 Role of Mass Spectrometry in the Elucidation of Thermal Degradation
Mechanisms in Polymeric Materials 221
Paola Rizzarelli and Sabrina Carroccio
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 Thermogravimetry-Mass Spectrometry (TG-MS) 224