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Rationale for adopting activity-based costing in hospitals. Three longitudinal case studies PDF

168 Pages·2005·1.33 MB·English
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RATIONALE FOR ADOPTING JANNE JÄRVINEN ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING IN HOSPITALS Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Three longitudinal case studies Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Oulu OULU 2005 Tiivistelmä suomeksi JANNE JÄRVINEN RATIONALE FOR ADOPTING ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING IN HOSPITALS Three longitudinal case studies Academic Dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Oulu, for public discussion in Auditorium TA105, Linnanmaa, on December 10th, 2005, at 12 noon OULUN YLIOPISTO, OULU 2005 Copyright © 2005 University of Oulu, 2005 Supervised by Professor Jukka Pellinen Reviewed by Professor Sven Modell Professor Salme Näsi ISBN 951-42-7947-6 (nid.) ISBN 951-42-7948-4 (PDF) http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514279484/ ISSN 1455-2647 http://herkules.oulu.fi/issn14552647/ OULU UNIVERSITY PRESS OULU 2005 Järvinen, Janne, Rationale for adopting activity-based costing in hospitals. Three longitudinal case studies Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 4600, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland 2005 Oulu, Finland Abstract In the 1990's, a large number of Finnish hospitals began implementing new cost accounting systems, which were aimed at pricing the hospital outputs at full cost. Often the method of choice was activity- based costing, which was in the process of being transferred from the manufacturing industry to health care service production. The aim of this study is to analyse the motivations and rationale of this phenomenon in the light of three longitudinal case studies. The first case study is archival, using documents produced between 1996 and 2002. In the second case study, the data consists mainly of research diaries and personal observation and covers a hospital district activity-based costing and pricing project of 2000–2001. The third case study covers budgeting and costing development in a private, non-profit hospital by analysing documents and field notes. Institutional theory is used to interpret the findings in the three case studies. The theoretical framework used in analysing the data draws on Roberts and Greenwood's (1997) ideas, according to which an organisation's rational and efficiency-seeking actions are constrained by both economic (bounded rationality) and institutional factors. The results indicate that different constraints imposed on efficiency-seeking behaviour such as activity-based costing implementation may lead to different solutions concerning implementation. It is noteworthy that while all three case organisations represent the health care sector, their approaches to activity-based costing have been quite dissimilar. While institutional theory leads us to believe that managerial accounting systems may be converging due to the institutional pressures, evidence from the case studies supports the notion that this convergence seems limited to the adoption of the systems – function of the systems seems to remain characteristically different. Keywords: activity-based costing, constrained-efficiency framework, cost accounting, full cost pricing, health care, hospital, institutional theory Järvinen, Janne, Perusteluja toimintolaskennan käyttöönotolle sairaaloissa. Kolme pitkittäisaineistoon perustuvaa tapaustutkimusta Taloustieteiden tiedekunta, Laskentatoimen ja rahoituksen yksikkö, Oulun yliopisto, PL 4600, 90014 Oulun yliopisto 2005 Oulu, Finland Tiivistelmä Useat suomalaiset sairaalat aloittivat 1990-luvulla laajamittaisia kustannuslaskentaprojekteja, joissa tähdättiin täyskatteiseen hinnoitteluun. Usein valittuna menetelmänä oli toimintolaskenta, jota siirrettiin teollisesta toimintaympäristöstä terveydenhuollon palvelutuotantoon. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella tämän ilmiön syitä ja motiiveja kolmen tapaustutkimuksen valossa, joista kaksi on sairaanhoitopiirejä ja kolmas on voittoa tavoittelemattoman yhteisön omistama yksityinen sairaala. Ensimmäisessä tapaustutkimuksessa aineisto on dokumentteihin perustuvaa arkistomateriaalia vuosilta 1996–2002. Lisäksi kustannuslaskentamallien rakennetta on tarkasteltu käymällä läpi laskelmissa tehtyjä rakenteellisia ja teknisiä ratkaisuja sekä laskentasääntöjä. Toisessa tapaustutkimuksessa aineisto koostuu pääasiassa tutkijan päiväkirjoista ja havainnoista, ja sisältää sairaanhoitopiirin laajuisen kustannuslaskenta- ja hinnoitteluprojektin kuvauksen vuosilta 2000–2001. Kolmannessa tapaustutkimuksessa käydään läpi yksityisen sairaalan budjetoinnin ja kustannuslaskennan kehitystä dokumentteihin ja tutkijan muistiinpanoihin nojautuen. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä aineiston tulkinnassa käytetään Robertsin ja Greenwoodin (1997) rajoitetun tehokkuuden mallia, jonka mukaan organisaation tehostamispyrkimyksiä rajoittavat sekä taloudelliseen rationaalisuuteen liittyvät tekijät (rajoitettu rationaalisuus) että institutionaaliset tekijät. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että erityyppiset rajoittavat tekijät vaikuttavat organisaatioiden tehokkuuspyrkimyksiin (joihin toimintolaskentaprojektit on luettava) siten, että lopputuloksena on erilaisia sovelluksia toimintolaskennan käyttöönotosta. On huomionarvoista, että vaikka kaikki tutkimuksen kohteena olleet tapaukset ovat erikoissairaanhoidon organisaatiota, niiden tavat ottaa toimintolaskenta käyttöön ovat olleet toisistaan hyvin poikkeavia. Vaikka institutionaaliseen teoriaan perustuvasta tutkimuksesta voikin tehdä sellaisen johtopäätöksen, että ulkoiset paineet muovaavat organisaatioita samanlaisiksi, näiden tapaustutkimusten perusteella on mahdollista väittää, että samanlaisuuden paineet liittyvät laskentajärjestelmien käyttöönottoon järjestelmien toiminnan jäädessä varsin erityyppisiksi. Asiasanat: institutionaalinen teoria, kustannuslaskenta, rajoitetun tehokkuuden malli, sairaala, toimintolaskenta, täyskatteinen hinnoittelu Acknowledgements My thesis now accomplished, I feel indebted to all those people who have given their support to this project and hence have contributed in one way or another to this dissertation. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Jukka Pellinen for his valuable comments and insight. Furthermore, I wish to thank my colleagues at the Department of Accounting and Finance for their encouragement and intellectual support Secondly, this work would not have been possible without the invaluable cooperation of the staff of Oulu and Tampere University Hospitals. Special thanks are especially due to chief of surgery and intensive care, Dr. Kari Haukipuro at Oulu University Hospital and CFO, M.Sc. (Admin) Lasse Kärki, currently at the Hospital of Joint Replacement (COXA). I have been most fortunate to have had the opportunity to learn from such mentors in the interesting field of hospital cost accounting. My most sincere thanks are also due to Outi, Päivi, Siru and many others I have forgotten to mention. Thirdly, I would like to thank the participants of the CIGAR Doctoral Colloquium in held in June, 2003 in Bodø, Norway, for helpful comments and ideas. Support and encouragement has been provided by Professor Pirjo Koivukangas and Assistant Professor Timo Hyvönen Lic. Sc.(econ). Also, warm thanks are due to Dr. Seppo Eriksson for assisting in practical matters related to publishing this thesis, and Virginia Mattila MA for proofreading. Fourthly, financial support for this dissertation was provided by Kunnallisalan Kehittämissäätiö. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, this work would not have been accomplished without the support of my family. I wish to thank my father, mother and sister for their encouragement and setting an example for me to follow in my life. My most hearty thanks are due to my wife Sanna and our daughter Aino, to whom I will be forever in debt. As I now look back at the days I spent away from home, either visiting hospitals in other parts of the country, or writing all this down at my parents’ summer cabin on the shores of lake Viitajärvi in Haukipudas, not to mention the weekends I was away to finish this work, I feel this has been the greatest sacrifice of all. Your support has made all this possible. Oulu, November 2005 Janne Järvinen

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organisations represent the health care sector, their approaches to activity-based costing have been notion that this convergence seems limited to the adoption of the systems – function of the systems seems to rational decision making and institutional influences is thus one of the starting poi
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