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ISBN 978-0-12-374021-2 fI '" IIll1111 "' 9 780123 740212 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES RADIOMETRIC TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS I. Fundamentals EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES Thomas Lucatorto and Albert C. Parr, Editors in Chief Founding Editors L. MARTON C. MARTON VOL U M E F 0 U R T '( TWO EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES RADIOMETRIC TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS I. Fundamentals Editors Zhuomin M. Zhang of George W. Woodruff School Mechanical Engineering of Georgia Institute Technology Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA Benjamin K. Tsai of Optical Technology Division, National Institute Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8441, USA Graham Machin Engineering Measurement Division National Physical Laboratory Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 oL W, UK Amsterdam. Boston. Heidelberg. london. New York. Oxford Paris. San Diego. San Francisco' Singapore' Sydney. Tokyo ELSEVIER Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 84 Theobald's Road, London WCIX 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://www.elsevieLcom/locate/permissions, and selecting ObtainiHg permission to "se Elsevier Inaterial Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Radiometric temperature measurements I edited by Zhang, Tsai, and Machin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-12-374021-2 1. Temperature measurements. 2. Radiation pyrometers. 3. Radiation-Measurement. I. Zhang, Zhuomin M. II. Tsai, Benjamin K. Ill. Machin, Graham. QC271.R336 2009 536' .5-dc22 2009026233 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-374021-2 [SSN: 1079-4042 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our web site at elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in United States of America 1011 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries I I www.elsevier.com www.bookaid.org www.sabre.org LI ~'!~ ,S F. 'v ' I rc"R gI"OteOr"K," 'A"'I' [d) '< ..):. ,1 I) rl' I''o unc I, 111011 In memory of David P . DeWitt - a pioneer, teacher, and friend CONTENTS List of Contributors xi Volumes in Series xiii Preface xvii Nomenclature xxi 1. Overview of Radiation Thermometry 1 Zhuomin M. Zhang and Graham Machin 1. Introduction 1 2. Basics of Radiometric Temperature Measurements 4 3. Types of Radiation Thermometers 11 4. Terms Commonly Used in Radiation Thermometry 21 5. Summary 24 References 24 2. Temperature Fundamentals 29 Graham Machin and Benjamin K. Tsai 1. Introduction 30 2. Primary Thermometry 30 3. A Short History of Temperature Scales Leading to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 41 4. Scale Realisation, Calibration and Traceability 48 5. Uncertainty Estimation in Non-Contact Temperature Scale Realisation and Dissemination 55 6. Possible Future Approaches to High-Temperature Scale Realisation and Dissemination 65 7. Summary 67 Acknowledgements 68 References 68 3. Theory of Thermal Radiation and Radiative Properties 73 Zhuomin M. Zhang and Bong )ae Lee 1. Introduction 74 2. Thermodynamics of Blackbody Radiation 77 3. Radiative Properties of Materials 85 4. Electromagnetic Wave Theory 99 5. Optical Properties 110 vii viii Contents 6. Radiative Properties of Layered Structures 119 7. Summary 128 Acknowledgement 129 References 129 4· Radiation Thermometer Designs 133 Howard W. Yoon and George P. Eppeldauer 1. Introduction 134 2. Design Considerations 134 3. Basic Optical Designs 135 4. Component Characterizations 137 5. System-Level Characterizations 143 6. Radiation Thermometry below the Silver Point 160 7. Calibration of Radiation Thermometers Using ITS-90 167 8. Thermodynamic Temperature Measurements Using Radiometric Techniques 168 9. Summary 176 References 177 5· Calculation of the Radiation Characteristics of Blackbody Radiation Sources 181 Alexander V. Prokhorov, Leonard M. Hanssen and Sergey N. Mekhontsev 1. Introduction 182 2. Definitions of Principal Quantities 183 3. Deterministic Methods 187 4. Monte Carlo Method 208 5. Numerical Comparison of Results Obtained by Various Methods 231 6. Conclusions 233 Acknowledgement 234 References 234 6. Blackbody and Other Calibration Sources 241 Jurgen Hartmann, Jorg Hollandt, Boris Khlevnoy, Svetlana Morozova, Sergey Ogarev and Fumihiro Sakuma 1. Introduction 242 2. Fixed-Point Blackbody Radiators 254 3. Variable Temperature Blackbodies for Temperatures up to 1,000°C 258 4. Cryogenic/Vacuum Blackbodies 267 5. Variable Temperature Blackbody Sources above 1,000°C 275 6. Lamp Sources 284 7. Summary 289 Acknowledgements 290 References 290