Table Of Content

ISBN 978-0-12-375091-4 " ""1111 "' 9 780123 750914 .. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES RADIOMETRIC TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS II. Applications EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES Thomas Lucatorto and Albert C. Parr, Editors in Chief Founding Editors L. MARTON C. MARTON EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES RADIOMETRIC TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS II. Applications Editors Zhuomin M. Zhang George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA Benjamin K. Tsai Optical Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8441, USA Graham Machin Engineering Measurement Division National Physical Laboratory Teddington, Middlesex, TWll oLW, UK Amsterdam. Boston. Heidelberg. London. New York. Oxford Paris. San Diego. San Francisco. Singapore. Sydney. Tokyo ELSEVIER Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8Dp, UK 84 Theobald's Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA Copyright © 2010 Elsevier inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions. and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-375091-4 ISSN: 1079-4042 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our web site at eisevierdirect.com Printed and bound in United States of America 10 11 12 13 14 1098765432 1 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries I I www.e1sevier.com www.bookaid.org www.sabre.org El , SE\!1E R 1I"1·0"0",",- ",\"l,J.l)I ,'-.": ),\ I) rl' /:O Il!)C I, \1 Ill)) In memory of David P . DeWitt - a pioneer, teacher, and friend CONTENTS List of Contributors xi Volumes in Series xiii Preface xvii 1. Industrial Applications of Radiation Thermometry 1 Jorg Hollandt, JUrgen Hartmann, Ortwin StruB and Reno Gartner 1. Introduction 2 2. Industrial Radiation Thermometers and Line-Scanners 4 3. Specifications of Radiation Thermometers 24 4. Applications of Radiation Thermometry in Industrial Production Areas 28 5. Summary 54 Acknowledgement 54 References 54 2. Experimental Characterization of Blackbody Radiation Sources 57 Sergey N. Mekhontsev, Alexander V. Prokhorov and Leonard M. Hanssen 1. Introduction 57 2. Reflectometric Determination of the Effective Emissivity of Blackbody Radiators 60 3· Radiometric Measurement of Blackbody Sources 74 4· Measurement of Input Parameters for the Calculation of Blackbody Radiator Characteristics 98 5. Conclusions 129 References 130 3· Radiation Thermometry in the Semiconductor Industry 137 Bruce E. Adams, Charles W. Schietinger and Kenneth G. Kreider 1. Introduction 138 2. Basics of Optical Fiber Thermometry (OFT) 143 3. Temperature Measurements in the Semiconductor Industry 152 4. Applications 159 vii viii Contents 5. Calibration 164 6. In situ Calibration of Radiation Thermometers in RTP Tools 170 7. Emissivity Methods 189 8. Problems to Solve 208 9. Summary 208 Acknowledgments 209 References 209 4· Thermometry in Steel Production 217 Tohru luchi, Yoshiro Yamada, Masato Sugiura and Akira Torao 1. Introduction 217 2. Review of the Steel Production Process 219 3. Characteristics of Radiometric Temperature Measurement in Steel Processes 224 4. Applications 228 5. Summary 270 References 271 5· Thermal Imaging in Firefighting and Thermography Applications 279 Francine Amon and Colin Pearson 1. Introduction 279 2. Thermography Engineering Applicati~ns 287 3. Thermal Imaging in Firefighting 316 4. Standards 327 5. Summary 328 Acknowledgments 328 References 328 6. Remote Sensing of the Earth's Surface Temperature 333 Peter J. Minnett and Ian J. Barton 1. Introduction 334 2. Statement of the Problem 337 3· Remote Sensing of Surface Temperature 345 4· Spacecraft Radiometers 354 5. Validation of Surface Temperature Retrievals 361 6. Residual Uncertainties 367 7. Applications of Remotely Sensed Surface Temperatures 374 8. Atmospheric Profiles 380 9. Future Missions 381 10. Conclusions and Outlook 383 References 384