Radio Navigation Systems for Airports and Airways

239 Pages·2019·12.14 MB·English

by  Skrypnik

Springer Aerospace Technology
Oleg Nicolaevich Skrypnik
Radio Navigation
Systems for Airports
and Airways
Springer Aerospace Technology
The Springer Aerospace Technology series isdevoted tothe technology of aircraft
and spacecraft including design, construction, control and the science. The books
present the fundamentals and applications in all fields related to aerospace
engineering. The topics include aircraft, missiles, space vehicles, aircraft engines,
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8613
Oleg Nicolaevich Skrypnik
Radio Navigation Systems
for Airports and Airways
123
OlegNicolaevich Skrypnik
Aircraft RadioElectronic Equipment
Moscow State TechnicalUniversity
of Civil Aviation
Irkutsk,Russia
ISSN 1869-1730 ISSN 1869-1749 (electronic)
SpringerAerospace Technology
ISBN978-981-13-7200-1 ISBN978-981-13-7201-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7201-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019934521
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Preface
Efficiency of the air transport utilization depends significantly on the efficiency of
air traffic control (ATC) system performance and is characterized by parameters
such as safety, regularity, and operation economy of air traffic.
The basis of ATC system is airfield network that includes airfields of different
kinds and purposes, adherent airspace areas as well as air paths. On airfields and
adherent airspace areas, most complicated and challenging ATC tasks are solved
such as aircraft’s takeoff and landing, on the air paths—flight navigation tasks.
Thereat, on all flight stages, an aircraft must be provided with the required flight
safety level.
Aircraft’s flight navigation and landing task solving intends highly accurate
spatial position determination as well as the aircraft’s motion parameters, and also
precise time in order to determine the deviations from the set flight trajectory.
Usageofradio-technicalsystemsisoneofthemainmethodsofperformingaccurate
and reliable aircraft’s navigation, especially at difficult meteorological conditions
andatnight.Thatiswhythewholeaviationdevelopmenthistoryisfollowedbythe
development of new and continuous improvement of traditional onboard and
ground radio navigational aids.
Satellitenavigationsystemsarethemostcompleteinfunctionalcapabilitiesand
aircraft's position determination accuracy. According to the ICAO forecast, they
willbecomemainandsustainablemeanofnavigationprovisioningduringallflight
stages, including approach and landing. However, as of now and in the midterm
perspective traditional radio navigational means that are designed for aircraft’s
positioncontrolanditsnavigationintheairfield'sareaandontheairpathswillkeep
its importance.
Thatiswhyitappearsrelevantandreasonabletoreviewthewholetraditionalas
well as prospective technical radio navigation aids, mounted in the airfields’ areas
and designed for flight navigation and landing task solving, common principles of
its operation, and modern technical and constructive decisions that provide high
operational rates.
v
vi Preface
In the educational book, the author tried to provide the readers with the whole
picture of theoretical basis of construction, operational principles, peculiarities of
usage, maincharacteristics, andconstructionofradio navigational systemsthat are
mounted in airports. As basic characteristics for consideration, constructions and
circuitry systems made in Russia were taken. Thereat, the author tried to illustrate
some peculiarities in terminology and system approach that add some particularity
to Russian civil aviation.
This educational book is written for students of aviation department and uni-
versities. It can also be useful for pilots and specialists who operate ground and
onboard radio navigational flights support means.
Irkutsk, Russia Oleg Nicolaevich Skrypnik
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Karina Skrypnik (Preface, Abstracts, Summaries, Chaps. 1,
Sects. 3.1–3.2) and Tatyana Portnova (Chaps. 2, 4, 5, 6, Sect. 3.3) for providing
their support in translation and also Roman Aref’ev who took part in research
conduction,whichresultsaredescribedinChap.5,andGlebMal’kowhotookpart
in research conduction, which results are described in Chap. 6.
vii
Contents
1 Elements of the General Radio Navigation Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Air Navigation and Its Technical Aids Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Main Building Principles and Classification of Radio
Navigation Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Main Navigation Notions and Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Coordinate Systems Used in Air Navigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5 Lines and Surfaces of Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.6 Methods of Aircraft’s Position Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.7 Coverage Areas of Essential Radio Navigation Systems
Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.7.1 Methodology of Coverage Area Construction . . . . . . . . . 36
1.7.2 Coverage Area of Theta-Theta Navigation System. . . . . . 37
1.7.3 Coverage Area of Rho-Rho Radio Navigation
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.7.4 Coverage Area of Rho-Theta Navigation System. . . . . . . 44
1.7.5 CoverageAreaofHyperbolicFixing(RangeDifference)
Navigation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.8 Aeronautical Consumers’ Requirements to the Navigation
Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.10 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2 Direction-Measuring Short-Range Navigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.1 General Characteristics of Short-Range Navigation Systems . . . . 54
2.2 Non-directional Beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.2.1 Application and Missions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.2.2 NDB Placement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
ix
x Contents
2.2.3 A Generalized Block Diagram and Operation
Principle of an NDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.2.4 NDB Design and Basic Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3 Aviation VHF Direction Finders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.3.1 Function and General Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.3.2 Principles of Forming and Processing Information
in DFs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.3.3 Design and Main Specifications of DFs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.5 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3 Rho-Theta Short-Range Radio-technical Navigation Systems . . . . . . 89
3.1 Common Characteristics of Rho-Theta Short-Range
Radio-technical Navigation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.2 VOR System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.2.1 Main Characteristics and the Destination of System. . . . . 92
3.2.2 VOR System’s Operating Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.2.3 DVOR System’s Operating Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.2.4 Construction and Main Technical Characteristics
of VOR (DVOR) Radio Beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.3 Distance-Measuring System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.3.1 Function and General Characteristics of the System. . . . . 111
3.3.2 DME Generic Block Diagram and Operation
Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.3.3 Design and Main Specifications of DME Beacons . . . . . . 121
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.5 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4 Radio-technical Landing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.1 Classification and Categories of Landing Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.2 General Description of Radio-technical Landing Systems . . . . . . 131
4.2.1 NDB-Based Landing Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.2.2 Radar Landing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.2.3 Radio Beacon Landing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.3 Instrument Landing System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.3.1 Principles of Construction and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.3.2 Equisignal Radio Beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.3.3 “Zero-Referenced” (CSB/SBO) Radio Beacons . . . . . . . . 146
4.3.4 Twin-Channel Radio Beacons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.4 Marker Beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.5 Design and Main Specifications of ILS Radio Beacons. . . . . . . . 159