ebook img

Radio Link Quality Estimation in Low-Power Wireless Networks PDF

157 Pages·2013·4.472 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Radio Link Quality Estimation in Low-Power Wireless Networks

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING  COOPERATING OBJECTS Nouha Baccour · Anis Koubâa · Carlo Alberto Boano Luca Mottola · Hossein Fotouhi · Mário Alves Habib Youssef · Marco Antonio Zúñiga Daniele Puccinelli · Thiemo Voigt Kay Römer · Claro Noda Radio Link Quality Estimation in Low-Power Wireless Networks SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering Cooperating Objects Series Editor Pedro José Marron For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10208 Nouha Baccour Anis Koubâa • Carlo Alberto Boano Luca Mottola • Hossein Fotouhi Mário Alves • Habib Youssef Marco Antonio Zúñiga • Daniele Puccinelli Thiemo Voigt • Kay Römer Claro Noda • Radio Link Quality Estimation in Low-Power Wireless Networks 123 NouhaBaccour HabibYoussef HosseinFotouhi UniversitydeSousse ClaroNoda Sousse InstitutoSuperiordeEngenhariadoPorto Tunisia Porto Portugal MarcoAntonioZúñiga UniversitätDuisburg-Essen AnisKoubâa Essen MárioAlves Germany InstitutoSuperiordeCISTERResearchCentre Porto DanielePuccinelli Portugal UniversityofAppliedSciencesandArts ofSouthernSwitzerland CarloAlbertoBoano Manno KayRömer Switzerland UniverstätLübeck Lübeck ThiemoVoigt Germany SwedishInstituteofComputerScienceAB Kista LucaMottola Sweden DipartimentodiElettronicaed Informazione,PolitecnicodiMilano Milan Italy ISSN 2191-8112 ISSN 2191-8120 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-00773-1 ISBN978-3-319-00774-8 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-00774-8 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013940082 (cid:2)TheAuthor(s)2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynow knownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservation arebriefexcerptsinconnectionwith reviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedon acomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispublicationorparts thereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation,initscurrent version,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Permissionsforusemaybeobtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerial containedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Stringent cost and energy constraints in low-power wireless networks (such as wireless sensor networks) impose the use of low-cost radio transceivers that transmitlow-powersignals(typically,0dBmasmaximumpower).Thisfactlimits theradiochannel,makingitmorevulnerabletonoise,interference,andmultipath distortion. Moreover, these radio transceivers typically rely on inexpensive and size constrained antennas. Often, infeasibility of prime antenna positioning further compromises its performance. This applies to both, antenna positioning in certain WSN node designs as well as node placement in deployments, leading to aniso- tropic connectivity. Consequently, low-power radio links are extremely unreliable and often unpredictable. Theyexperience qualityfluctuation over timeandspace,andshow asymmetric connectivity. The unreliability of links greatly affects the network performance. This raised the need for link quality estimation as a fundamental building block for network protocols and mechanisms (e.g., medium-access con- trol (MAC), routing, mobility management, and topology control), in order to mitigate link unreliability. Link quality estimation in low-power wireless networks is a challenging researchproblemduetothelossyanddynamicnatureofthelinks.Thisbookaims at providing a good understanding of several aspects of link quality estimations, which covers the design, evaluation, experimentation, and impact on higher layer protocols. Organization of the Book Thisbookisorganizedintofivechapters.Chapter1outlinesthecharacteristicsof low-power links. A vast array of research efforts tackled the empirical charac- terization of low-power links through real-world measurements with different platforms, under varying experimental conditions, assumptions, and scenarios. This first chapter provides a comprehensive survey of the most relevant key observations drawn from empirical studies on low-power links. Chapter 2 v vi Preface addresses the most important factors that affect low-power links, which is inter- ference.This chapter discussesseveral aspects relatedtointerference problemsin low-power wireless networks, namely experimentation, measurement, modeling, and mitigationof externalradio interference. Chapter3 gives anoverview oflink quality estimation in low-power wireless networks. It starts by presenting the fundamentalconceptsrelatedtolinkqualityestimation.Forexample,itdefinesthe link quality estimation process and decomposes it into different steps. It also provides important requirements for the design of efficient link quality estimators (LQEs). Then, a taxonomy of existing LQEs is given. Chapter 4 provides an extensive comparative performance study of most well-known LQEs, based on bothsimulationandrealexperimentation.Theevaluationmethodologyconsistsin analysing the statistical properties of LQEs, independently of any external factor, suchascollisionsandrouting.Thesestatisticalpropertiesimpacttheperformance ofLQEs, interms ofreliabilityand stability. Chapter5 investigatesthe impact of using reliable and efficient LQEs for improving higher layer protocols and mechanisms, namely routing and mobility management. This book is the result of several years of research work of the authors on the link quality estimation and low-power radio links. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first book tackling link quality estimation in low-power wireless net- works (such as wireless sensor/actuator networks). Thus, we hope it will serve as baselinereading materialforstudentsandasareference texttoorient researchers and system designers. Contents 1 Characteristics of Low-Power Links. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Low-Power Wireless Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.1 Radios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.2 Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Link Quality Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Spatial Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5 Temporal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.6 Link Asymmetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.7 Interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.7.1 External Interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.7.2 Internal Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2 External Radio Interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2 Crowded Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.1 Coexistence Between IEEE 802.15.1/.15.4 Devices. . . . . 26 2.2.2 Coexistence Between IEEE 802.11/.15.4 Devices. . . . . . 26 2.2.3 Coexistence Between Microwave Ovens and IEEE 802.15.4 Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2.4 Coexistence Between IEEE 802.15.4 Devices Operating in Adjacent Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3 Interference Measurement and Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.3.1 Measuring Interference Using Sensor Nodes. . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.2 Interferer Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.3.3 Modeling Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4 Mitigating Interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.4.1 Frequency Diversity Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.4.2 Space Diversity Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.4.3 Hardware Diversity Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.4.4 Solutions Based on Redundancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 vii viii Contents 2.4.5 Time Diversity Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.5 Experimenting with Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.5.1 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.5.2 Experimenting Using Simulators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.5.3 Experimenting Using Real Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.5.4 Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3 Overview of Link Quality Estimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.2 The Link Quality Estimation Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.2.1 Link Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.2.2 Link Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2.3 Metric Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.3 Design Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.3.1 Energy Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.3.2 Accuracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.3.3 Reactivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.3.4 Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.4 Hardware-Based LQEs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.5 Software-Based LQEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.5.1 PRR-Based. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.5.2 RNP-Based. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.5.3 Score-Based. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4 Performance Evaluation of Link Quality Estimators. . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.2 Holistic Evaluation Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.2.1 Links Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.2.2 Link Measurements Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.2.3 Data Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.3 LQEs Under Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.4 Evaluation Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.4.1 TOSSIM 2 Simulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.4.2 RadiaLE Experimental Testbed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.5 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.5.1 Experimental Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.5.2 Simulation Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.6 Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Contents ix 5 On the Use of Link Quality Estimation for Improving Higher Layer Protocols and Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.2 On the Use of Link Quality Estimation for Routing. . . . . . . . . . 118 5.2.1 Link Quality Based Routing Metrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5.2.2 Overview of CTP (Collection Tree Protocol) . . . . . . . . . 120 5.2.3 Integration of FLQE-RM in CTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5.2.4 Impact of FLQE-RM on CTP Performance . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.2.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.3 On the Use of Link Quality Estimation for Mobility Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.3.1 Link Quality Estimation for Mobile Applications . . . . . . 134 5.3.2 Overview of Handoff Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.3.3 Soft Handoff in Low-Power Wireless Networks . . . . . . . 138 5.3.4 Hard Handoff in Low-Power Wireless Networks . . . . . . 139 5.3.5 Smart-HOP Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.3.6 Smart-HOP Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.3.7 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Acronyms AC Supply line ACK Acknowledgement AFH Adaptive Frequency Hopping ALQI Average LQI AP Access Point ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest ARR Acknowledgment Reception Ratio ASK Amplitude Shift Keying ASL Link Asymmetry Level ASNR Average Signal to Noise Ratio AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise BPM Burst Position Modulation BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying CCA Clear Channel Assessment CDF Cumulative Distribution Function CPDF Conditional Probability Distribution Function CPM Closest-fit Pattern Matching CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CSI Channel State Information CSMA-CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance CSS Chirp Spread Spectrum CTP Collection Tree Protocol CV Coefficient of Variation DataAnlApp Data Analysis Matlab application DCF Distributed Coordination Function DIFS Distributed Inter-Frame Space DQCSK Differential Quadrature Chirp-Shift Keying DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DUCHY DoUble Cost Field HYbrid ETX Expected Transmission Count EWMA Exponentially Weighted Moving Average ExpCtrApp Experiment Control java application FEC Forward Error Correction xi

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.