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Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results ofa ctivities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee. The Series is published by lOS Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers, in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division. A. Life Sciences IDS Press B. Physics Kluwer Academic Publishers C. Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers D. Behavioural and Social Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers E. Applied Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers F. Computer and Systems Sciences IDS Press 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environmental Security Kluwer Academic Publishers 3. HighTechnology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy IDS Press 5. Computer Networking IDS Press NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly in the NATO ASI Series. An electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 50000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections ofthe NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (y'JTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM of the NATO ASI Series can be ordered from: PCO, Overijse, Belgium Series 3. High Technology - Vol. 82 Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry and Its Relationship to the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields edited by B. Jon Klauenberg United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, U.S.A. and Damijan Miklavcic Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Springer-Scieoce+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry and Its Relationship to the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Gozd Martuljek, Slovenia 12-16 October 1998 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7923-6405-4 ISBN 978-94-011-4191-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4191-8 Printed an acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ ing photocopying, record ing or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgements xv INTRODUCTION NATO Involvement in Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) Research and Health Safety B. 1. Klauenberg ................................................................................................ 1 United States Air Force Support of Radio Frequency Radiation Health and Safety: Bioeffects, Dosimetry, and Standards M. R. Murphy ................................................................................................... 11 International EMF Project M. H. Repacholi ............................................................................................... 21 SESSION A: BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS AND DOSIMETRY CHAIR: Y. GRIGORIEV Summary of Session A: Basics of Electromagnetics and Dosimetry Y. Grigoriev ..................................................................................................... 29 Microwave Effect on Embryo Brain: Dose Dependence and the Effect of Modulation Y. Grigoriev and V. Stepanov .......................................................................... 31 Absorption Characteristics and Measurement Concepts w. D. Hurt ........................................................................................................ 39 Dosimetry and Densitometry of Pulsed Fields D. Simunic ........................................................................................................ 53 Biophysics Limits on the Biological Effects of Ultra wide band Electromagnetic Radiation R. K. Adair ....................................................................................................... 63 SESSION B: DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE CHAIR: C. GABRIEL Summary of Session B: The Dielectric Properties of Tissues C. Gabriel ......................................................................................................... 73 The Dielectric Properties of Tissues C. Gabriel ......................................................................................................... 75 vi Investigations of Tissue Microwave and Thermal Properties for Combined Microwave and Thermal Modelling of Body Tissue Regions D. V. Land, A. J. Gorton, and G. Hamilton ...................................................... 85 Dielectric Properties of Skin T. Lahtinen, J. Nuutinen, and E. Alanen .......................................................... 97 Dielectric Properties of Human Crystalline Lens: Cataractogenic Effects of RFR L. D. Szabo and J. Bakos ............................................................................... 103 SESSION C: THEORETICAL DOSIMETRY CHAIR: O. P. GANDHI Summary of Session C: Theoretical Dosimetry O. P. Gandhi ................................................................................................... 109 Numerical and Experimental Methods for Dosimetry of RF Radiation: Some Recent Results O. P. Gandhi ................................................................................................... 111 Electromagnetic Field Calculations in an Anatomically Realistic Voxel Model of the Human Body P. J. Dimbylow ............................................................................................... 123 Theoretical Methods of Evaluation of Absorbed Dose of Non-Ionizing Radiation in Nonuniform Media M. L. Rudakov ............................................................................................... 133 Recent Advances in Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling P. A. Mason, J. M. Ziriax, W. D. Hurt, T. J. Walters, K. L. Ryan, D. A. Nelson, K.1. Smith, and J. A. D'Andrea .............................................. 141 SESSION D: EXPERIMENTAL DOSIMETRY CHAIR: N. KUSTER Summary of Session D: Experimental Dosimetry N. Kuster and T. J. Walters ............................................................................ 157 Experimental and Numerical Near-Field Evaluation ofRF Transmitters K. Pokovic, M. Burkhardt, T. Schmid, and N. Kuster ................................... 159 High-Resolution Microwave Dosimetry in Lossy Media A. G. Pakhomov, S. P. Mathur, Y. Akyel, J. L. Kiel, and M. R. Murphy ...... 187 Infrared Thermography in Experimental Dosimetry of Radio Frequency and Millimeter Wavelength Radiation Exposure E. P. Khizhnyak and M. C. Ziskin .................................................................. 199 Vll A Comparison of SAR Values Determined Empirically and by FD-TD Modeling T. 1. Walters, P. A. Mason, K. 1. Ryan, D. A. Nelson, and W. D. Hurt ........ 207 Exposure and Dosimetry of Low Frequency RF Fields P. Vecchia and A. Polichetti ........................................................................... 217 Molecular Dosimetry J. L. Kiel ......................................................................................................... 227 Dosimetry of Magnetic Fields in the Radiofrequency Range M. S. Markov ................................................................................................. 239 Current Status of Dosimetry in Evaluating Wireless Communications Technologies P. Bernardi, M. Cavagnaro, G. D'Inzeo, and S. Pisa ...................................... 247 SESSION E: CONTACT AND INDUCED CURRENTS CHAIR: M. ISRAEL Summary of Session E: Contact and Induced Currents M. Israel ..................................................................................................... 257 Exposure Assessment of Extremely Low Frequency, Radiofrequency, and Microwave Radiation: Methods and Standards for Databases M. S. Israel ..................................................................................................... 259 Biophysical Basis for Electrical Stimulation of Excitable Tissue: Application to Low Frequency Exposure Standards 1. P. Reilly ...................................................................................................... 271 Dosimetry of RF Induced Body to Ground Current and Implications on Safety Standards S. Tofani ......................................................................................................... 293 Development of Induced and Contact Current (ICC) Limits in the HF and VHF Regions 1. A. Leonowich ............................................................................................. 301 Radiofrequency Measurements and Sources P. Gajsek ........................................................................................................ 309 Induced Current Densities and SARs from Non-uniform, Near-Field Exposure to Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields P. Chadwick ................................................................................................... 321 Evaluating Partial-Body Radiofrequency Field Exposures: The Need for Better Near Field Dosimetry R. A. Tell ........................................................................................................ 335 viii SESSION F: RESPONSES OF MAN AND ANIMALS I CHAIR: E. R. ADAIR Summary of Session F: Responses of Man and Animals I E. R. Adair. ..................................................................................................... 343 Thermoregulation: Its Role in Microwave Exposure E. R. Adair. ...................................................................................................... 345 Thermal Models for Microwave Heating of Tissue K. R. Foster .................................................................................................... 357 SAR Measurements in the Rhesus Monkey Ankle: Implications for Humans R. G. Olsen ..................................................................................................... 367 Microwave Dosimetry and Lethal Effects in Laboratory Animals V. G. Petin, G. P. Zhurakovskaya, and A. V. Kalugina ................................. 375 Teratologic Effects of Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation J. H. Merritt and L. N. Heynick ...................................................................... 383 SESSION G: RESPONSES OF MAN AND ANIMALS II CHAIR: J. A. D'ANDREA Summary of Session G: Responses of Man and Animals II J. A. D'Andrea ............................................................................................... 393 Effects of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Radiation on the Eye 1. A. D'Andrea and S. Chalfm ........................................................................ 395 Contemporary Research on the Behavioral Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation J. O. de Lorge ................................................................................................. 403 Focusing Properties of Pulsed Signals inside Biological Tissue Media K. S. Nikita ..................................................................................................... 409 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields: Exposure Parameters and Effects on Djungarian Hamsters A. Lerchl, H. Brendel, M. Niehaus, H. Krishnamurthy, V. Hansen, 1. Streckert, and A. Bitz ................................................................................. 419 Ligand Binding Under RF EM Exposure A. Chiabrera, B. Bianco, S. Giordano, S. Bruna, E. Moggia, and J. J. Kaufinan .................................................................................................. 429 ix SESSION H: APPLICATIONS OF DOSIMETRY IN BIOLOGY & MEDICINE CHAIR: D. MIKLAV CJ(~: SumrnaIY of Session H: Applications of Dosimetry in Biology and Medicine D. Miklav~i~ ................................................................................................... 449 Dose Determinations in Epidemiological Studies K. Hansson Mild ............................................................................................ 451 Application of Dosimetry in Military Epidemiological Studies S. Szmigielski, R. Kubacki, and Z. Ciolek ..................................................... 459 Use of a Full-Size Human Model for Evaluating Metal Implant Heating during Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Specific Absorption Rate Study C. K. Chou. ..................................................................................................... 473 Visualization of Electro Magnetic Field Exposure Using Radio-Frequency Current Density Imaging K.. Beravs, R. Frangez, and F. Demsar .......................................................... .483 Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Nervous-Endocrine-Immune Interactions D. Miklav~i~, L. Vodovnik, and T. Kotnik .................................................... 493 SESSION I: STANDARDS AND APPLICATIONS CHAIR: J. M. OSEPCHUK Summary of Session I: Standards and Applications J. M. Osepchuk ............................................................................................... 501 Radio Frequency Exposure Standards in the United States J. M. Osepchuk ............................................................................................... 503 The New ICNIRP Guidelines: Criteria, Restrictions, and Dosimetric Needs 1. H. Bernhardt ............................................................................................... 513 Requirements for the Protection of Persons and the Environment from Electromagnetic Fields of High Power Transmitters in the Federal Republic of Germany K. W. Hofmann .............................................................................................. 523 Radiofrequency (RF) Exposure of Mobile Communications in Hungary and Evaluation Relevant EU and National Standard: Base Stations and Handy Devices G. Thuroczy, J. Janossy, and N. Nagy. ........................................................... 531 The Czech Limits and the European Prestandards J. Musil ........................................................................................................... 541 x SESSION J: THE DOSIMETRY HANDBOOK CHAIR: P. A. MASON Summary of Session J: The Dosimetry Handbook P. A. Mason .................................................................................................... 545 Historical Perspective on the Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow J. C. Mitchell .................................................................................................. 547 Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling: Interactive Presentations in the New Dosimetry Handbook 1. M. Ziriax, P. A. Mason, W. D. Hurt, 1. A. D'Andrea, M. A. Arce, and J. F. Petri III .................................................................................................. 555 Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 565 Speakers ....................................................................................................................... 571 Participants ................................................................................................................... 578 Official Photograph ...................................................................................................... 582 Index ............................................................................................................................. 585

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has sponsored research supporting development of personnel safety standards for exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) for over a quarter century. NATO previously recognized that one of the most important tools used in the RFR effects research labor
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Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results ofa ctivities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee. The Series is published by lOS Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers, in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division. A. Life Sciences IDS Press B. Physics Kluwer Academic Publishers C. Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers D. Behavioural and Social Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers E. Applied Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers F. Computer and Systems Sciences IDS Press 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environmental Security Kluwer Academic Publishers 3. HighTechnology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy IDS Press 5. Computer Networking IDS Press NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly in the NATO ASI Series. An electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 50000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections ofthe NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (y'JTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM of the NATO ASI Series can be ordered from: PCO, Overijse, Belgium Series 3. High Technology - Vol. 82 Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry and Its Relationship to the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields edited by B. Jon Klauenberg United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, U.S.A. and Damijan Miklavcic Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Springer-Scieoce+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry and Its Relationship to the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Gozd Martuljek, Slovenia 12-16 October 1998 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7923-6405-4 ISBN 978-94-011-4191-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4191-8 Printed an acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ ing photocopying, record ing or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgements xv INTRODUCTION NATO Involvement in Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) Research and Health Safety B. 1. Klauenberg ................................................................................................ 1 United States Air Force Support of Radio Frequency Radiation Health and Safety: Bioeffects, Dosimetry, and Standards M. R. Murphy ................................................................................................... 11 International EMF Project M. H. Repacholi ............................................................................................... 21 SESSION A: BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS AND DOSIMETRY CHAIR: Y. GRIGORIEV Summary of Session A: Basics of Electromagnetics and Dosimetry Y. Grigoriev ..................................................................................................... 29 Microwave Effect on Embryo Brain: Dose Dependence and the Effect of Modulation Y. Grigoriev and V. Stepanov .......................................................................... 31 Absorption Characteristics and Measurement Concepts w. D. Hurt ........................................................................................................ 39 Dosimetry and Densitometry of Pulsed Fields D. Simunic ........................................................................................................ 53 Biophysics Limits on the Biological Effects of Ultra wide band Electromagnetic Radiation R. K. Adair ....................................................................................................... 63 SESSION B: DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE CHAIR: C. GABRIEL Summary of Session B: The Dielectric Properties of Tissues C. Gabriel ......................................................................................................... 73 The Dielectric Properties of Tissues C. Gabriel ......................................................................................................... 75 vi Investigations of Tissue Microwave and Thermal Properties for Combined Microwave and Thermal Modelling of Body Tissue Regions D. V. Land, A. J. Gorton, and G. Hamilton ...................................................... 85 Dielectric Properties of Skin T. Lahtinen, J. Nuutinen, and E. Alanen .......................................................... 97 Dielectric Properties of Human Crystalline Lens: Cataractogenic Effects of RFR L. D. Szabo and J. Bakos ............................................................................... 103 SESSION C: THEORETICAL DOSIMETRY CHAIR: O. P. GANDHI Summary of Session C: Theoretical Dosimetry O. P. Gandhi ................................................................................................... 109 Numerical and Experimental Methods for Dosimetry of RF Radiation: Some Recent Results O. P. Gandhi ................................................................................................... 111 Electromagnetic Field Calculations in an Anatomically Realistic Voxel Model of the Human Body P. J. Dimbylow ............................................................................................... 123 Theoretical Methods of Evaluation of Absorbed Dose of Non-Ionizing Radiation in Nonuniform Media M. L. Rudakov ............................................................................................... 133 Recent Advances in Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling P. A. Mason, J. M. Ziriax, W. D. Hurt, T. J. Walters, K. L. Ryan, D. A. Nelson, K.1. Smith, and J. A. D'Andrea .............................................. 141 SESSION D: EXPERIMENTAL DOSIMETRY CHAIR: N. KUSTER Summary of Session D: Experimental Dosimetry N. Kuster and T. J. Walters ............................................................................ 157 Experimental and Numerical Near-Field Evaluation ofRF Transmitters K. Pokovic, M. Burkhardt, T. Schmid, and N. Kuster ................................... 159 High-Resolution Microwave Dosimetry in Lossy Media A. G. Pakhomov, S. P. Mathur, Y. Akyel, J. L. Kiel, and M. R. Murphy ...... 187 Infrared Thermography in Experimental Dosimetry of Radio Frequency and Millimeter Wavelength Radiation Exposure E. P. Khizhnyak and M. C. Ziskin .................................................................. 199 Vll A Comparison of SAR Values Determined Empirically and by FD-TD Modeling T. 1. Walters, P. A. Mason, K. 1. Ryan, D. A. Nelson, and W. D. Hurt ........ 207 Exposure and Dosimetry of Low Frequency RF Fields P. Vecchia and A. Polichetti ........................................................................... 217 Molecular Dosimetry J. L. Kiel ......................................................................................................... 227 Dosimetry of Magnetic Fields in the Radiofrequency Range M. S. Markov ................................................................................................. 239 Current Status of Dosimetry in Evaluating Wireless Communications Technologies P. Bernardi, M. Cavagnaro, G. D'Inzeo, and S. Pisa ...................................... 247 SESSION E: CONTACT AND INDUCED CURRENTS CHAIR: M. ISRAEL Summary of Session E: Contact and Induced Currents M. Israel ..................................................................................................... 257 Exposure Assessment of Extremely Low Frequency, Radiofrequency, and Microwave Radiation: Methods and Standards for Databases M. S. Israel ..................................................................................................... 259 Biophysical Basis for Electrical Stimulation of Excitable Tissue: Application to Low Frequency Exposure Standards 1. P. Reilly ...................................................................................................... 271 Dosimetry of RF Induced Body to Ground Current and Implications on Safety Standards S. Tofani ......................................................................................................... 293 Development of Induced and Contact Current (ICC) Limits in the HF and VHF Regions 1. A. Leonowich ............................................................................................. 301 Radiofrequency Measurements and Sources P. Gajsek ........................................................................................................ 309 Induced Current Densities and SARs from Non-uniform, Near-Field Exposure to Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields P. Chadwick ................................................................................................... 321 Evaluating Partial-Body Radiofrequency Field Exposures: The Need for Better Near Field Dosimetry R. A. Tell ........................................................................................................ 335 viii SESSION F: RESPONSES OF MAN AND ANIMALS I CHAIR: E. R. ADAIR Summary of Session F: Responses of Man and Animals I E. R. Adair. ..................................................................................................... 343 Thermoregulation: Its Role in Microwave Exposure E. R. Adair. ...................................................................................................... 345 Thermal Models for Microwave Heating of Tissue K. R. Foster .................................................................................................... 357 SAR Measurements in the Rhesus Monkey Ankle: Implications for Humans R. G. Olsen ..................................................................................................... 367 Microwave Dosimetry and Lethal Effects in Laboratory Animals V. G. Petin, G. P. Zhurakovskaya, and A. V. Kalugina ................................. 375 Teratologic Effects of Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation J. H. Merritt and L. N. Heynick ...................................................................... 383 SESSION G: RESPONSES OF MAN AND ANIMALS II CHAIR: J. A. D'ANDREA Summary of Session G: Responses of Man and Animals II J. A. D'Andrea ............................................................................................... 393 Effects of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Radiation on the Eye 1. A. D'Andrea and S. Chalfm ........................................................................ 395 Contemporary Research on the Behavioral Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation J. O. de Lorge ................................................................................................. 403 Focusing Properties of Pulsed Signals inside Biological Tissue Media K. S. Nikita ..................................................................................................... 409 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields: Exposure Parameters and Effects on Djungarian Hamsters A. Lerchl, H. Brendel, M. Niehaus, H. Krishnamurthy, V. Hansen, 1. Streckert, and A. Bitz ................................................................................. 419 Ligand Binding Under RF EM Exposure A. Chiabrera, B. Bianco, S. Giordano, S. Bruna, E. Moggia, and J. J. Kaufinan .................................................................................................. 429 ix SESSION H: APPLICATIONS OF DOSIMETRY IN BIOLOGY & MEDICINE CHAIR: D. MIKLAV CJ(~: SumrnaIY of Session H: Applications of Dosimetry in Biology and Medicine D. Miklav~i~ ................................................................................................... 449 Dose Determinations in Epidemiological Studies K. Hansson Mild ............................................................................................ 451 Application of Dosimetry in Military Epidemiological Studies S. Szmigielski, R. Kubacki, and Z. Ciolek ..................................................... 459 Use of a Full-Size Human Model for Evaluating Metal Implant Heating during Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Specific Absorption Rate Study C. K. Chou. ..................................................................................................... 473 Visualization of Electro Magnetic Field Exposure Using Radio-Frequency Current Density Imaging K.. Beravs, R. Frangez, and F. Demsar .......................................................... .483 Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Nervous-Endocrine-Immune Interactions D. Miklav~i~, L. Vodovnik, and T. Kotnik .................................................... 493 SESSION I: STANDARDS AND APPLICATIONS CHAIR: J. M. OSEPCHUK Summary of Session I: Standards and Applications J. M. Osepchuk ............................................................................................... 501 Radio Frequency Exposure Standards in the United States J. M. Osepchuk ............................................................................................... 503 The New ICNIRP Guidelines: Criteria, Restrictions, and Dosimetric Needs 1. H. Bernhardt ............................................................................................... 513 Requirements for the Protection of Persons and the Environment from Electromagnetic Fields of High Power Transmitters in the Federal Republic of Germany K. W. Hofmann .............................................................................................. 523 Radiofrequency (RF) Exposure of Mobile Communications in Hungary and Evaluation Relevant EU and National Standard: Base Stations and Handy Devices G. Thuroczy, J. Janossy, and N. Nagy. ........................................................... 531 The Czech Limits and the European Prestandards J. Musil ........................................................................................................... 541 x SESSION J: THE DOSIMETRY HANDBOOK CHAIR: P. A. MASON Summary of Session J: The Dosimetry Handbook P. A. Mason .................................................................................................... 545 Historical Perspective on the Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow J. C. Mitchell .................................................................................................. 547 Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling: Interactive Presentations in the New Dosimetry Handbook 1. M. Ziriax, P. A. Mason, W. D. Hurt, 1. A. D'Andrea, M. A. Arce, and J. F. Petri III .................................................................................................. 555 Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 565 Speakers ....................................................................................................................... 571 Participants ................................................................................................................... 578 Official Photograph ...................................................................................................... 582 Index ............................................................................................................................. 585

Description:
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has sponsored research supporting development of personnel safety standards for exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) for over a quarter century. NATO previously recognized that one of the most important tools used in the RFR effects research labor
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