Radiation Technology for Polymers

338 Pages·2020·22.324 MB·\338

by  Jiri George Drobny (Author)

Radiation Technology
for Polymers
Radiation Technology
for Polymers
Third Edition
Jiri George Drobny
Radiation Technology
for Polymers
Third Edition
Jiri George Drobny
Third edition published 2020
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
First published by CRC Press in 2002
Second edition 2010
ISBN: 978-0-367-18932-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-20119-6 (ebk)
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and
apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright
material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or
contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-
8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Typeset in Palatino
by Lumina Datamatics Limited
To Betty Anne
Third edition published 2020
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
First published by CRC Press in 2002
Second edition 2010
ISBN: 978-0-367-18932-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-20119-6 (ebk)
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and
apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright
material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or
contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-
8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Typeset in Palatino
by Lumina Datamatics Limited

Contents
Preface to First Edition .........................................................................................xv
Preface to Second Edition .................................................................................xvii
Preface to Third Edition .....................................................................................xix
Author ...................................................................................................................xxi
1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1
1.1 Basic Concepts .........................................................................................2
References .........................................................................................................4
2. Review of Elements of Radiation Science and Technology ...................5
2.1 UV and Visible Radiation ......................................................................5
2.1.1 Light Emission from Mercury Gas Discharge........................6
2.1.2 Light Emission from Microwave-Excited Discharge .............9
2.1.3 Generation of Monochromatic UV Radiation ........................9
2.1.4 UV Radiation from UV Light-Emitted Diode.......................11
2.2 Ionizing Radiation Types ....................................................................13
2.2.1 Electron Beam Energy..............................................................14
2.2.2 Gamma Rays .............................................................................16
2.2.3 X-Rays .........................................................................................18
2.2.4 Other Types of Ionizing Radiation .........................................19
2.3 Comparison of UV and EB Processes ................................................20
References .......................................................................................................22
3. Ultraviolet Curing Equipment (with Ruben Rivera).............................25
3.1 UV Lamps ..............................................................................................26
3.1.1 Medium-Pressure Mercury Lamps ........................................27
3.1.2 Electrodeless Mercury Lamps ................................................28
3.1.3 Low-Pressure Mercury Lamps ...............................................30
3.1.4 High-Pressure Mercury Lamps ..............................................30
3.1.5 Excimer Lamps..........................................................................30
3.1.5.1 Barrier-Discharge-Driven Excimer Lamps ............31
3.1.5.2 Microwave-Driven Excimer Lamps ........................33
3.1.6 Xenon Lamps .............................................................................33
3.1.7 Light-Emitting Diode Lamps ..................................................35
3.2 Lamp Housings .....................................................................................38
3.3 Power Supply and Controls .................................................................40
3.3.1 Power Supply Systems .............................................................40
3.3.2 Control Systems ........................................................................42
vii
viii Contents
3.4 UV-LED Curing Systems .....................................................................43
3.4.1 Selected UV-LED Industrial Lamps/Systems ......................45
References .......................................................................................................49
4. Electron Beam Curing Equipment ............................................................51
4.1 Particle Accelerators .............................................................................54
4.1.1 Direct Accelerators ...................................................................55
4.1.1.1 Electrostatic Generators ............................................56
4.1.1.2 Resonant Transformers .............................................56
4.1.1.3 Iron Core Transformers ............................................57
4.1.1.4 Insulating Core Transformers .................................57
4.1.1.5 Cockcroft-Walton Generators ..................................58
4.1.1.6 Dynamitrons ..............................................................58
4.1.2 Indirect Accelerators ................................................................59
4.1.2.1 Traveling Wave Linacs ..............................................60
4.1.2.2 Standing Wave Linacs ...............................................61
4.1.2.3 Resonant Cavity Accelerators ..................................61
4.1.2.4 Linear Induction Accelerators .................................61
4.1.2.5 Rhodotron Accelerators ............................................62
4.1.3 Low-Energy Electron Accelerators .........................................64
4.1.3.1 Single-Stage Scanned Beam Accelerator ................66
4.1.3.2 Linear Cathode Electron Accelerators ....................67
4.1.3.3 Multifilament Linear Cathode Electron
Accelerators ................................................................70
4.1.4 Sealed Tube Lamp Accelerators ..............................................74
References .......................................................................................................77
5. UV Radiation Processes (with Ruben Rivera) ........................................81
5.1 Basic Concepts .......................................................................................81
5.2 Photoinitiators and Photosensitizers .................................................83
5.2.1 Free Radical Photoinitiators ....................................................84
5.2.1.1 Type I Photoinitiators ................................................85
5.2.1.2 Type II Photoinitiators ..............................................85
5.2.2 Free Radical Photoinitiators for UV-LED Curing ................86
5.2.3 Cationic Photoinitiators ...........................................................89
5.2.4 Anionic Photoinitiators ............................................................89
5.2.5 Oxygen Inhibition of Cure ......................................................90
5.2.6 Initiation of UV Hybrid Curing ..............................................91
5.3 Kinetics of Photoinitiated Reactions ..................................................91
5.3.1 Kinetics of Free Radical Photopolymerization .....................91
5.3.2 Kinetics of Cationic Photopolymerization ............................92
5.4 Chemical Systems in UV Processing .................................................94
5.4.1 Free Radical-Initiated Systems................................................94
5.4.1.1 Acrylate/Methacrylate Systems ..............................94
5.4.1.2 Styrene/Unsaturated Polyesters..............................96
Contents ix
5.4.1.3 Vinyl Ether/Unsaturated Esters ..............................96
5.4.1.4 Thiol-Ene Systems .....................................................96
5.4.1.5 Donor-Acceptor Complexes .....................................97
5.4.2 Cationic Systems .......................................................................97
5.5 Photo-Cross-Linking of Polymers ......................................................99
References .......................................................................................................99
6. Electron Beam Processes ...........................................................................103
6.1 Introduction .........................................................................................103
6.2 Radiation Cross-Link Promoters ......................................................110
6.2.1 Indirect Cross-Link Promoters .............................................110
6.2.1.1 Halogenated Compounds ......................................110
6.2.1.2 Nitrous Oxide ...........................................................110
6.2.1.3 Sulfur Monochloride ...............................................110
6.2.1.4 Bases ..........................................................................110
6.2.2 Direct Cross-Link Promoters ................................................111
6.2.2.1 Maleimides ...............................................................111
6.2.2.2 Thiols (Polymercaptans) .........................................111
6.2.2.3 Acrylic and Allylic Compounds ............................112
6.3 Retardants of Radiation Cross-Linking ..........................................113
6.4 Electron Beam Processing of Plastics ..............................................115
6.4.1 Polyolefins ................................................................................115
6.4.1.1 Polyethylene .............................................................115
6.4.1.2 Polypropylene ..........................................................117
6.4.2 Polystyrene ..............................................................................117
6.4.3 Polyvinylchloride ....................................................................118
6.4.4 Polymethacrylates and Polyacrylates ..................................118
6.4.5 Polyamides ...............................................................................118
6.4.6 Polyesters .................................................................................118
6.4.7 Fluoroplastics ..........................................................................118
6.4.7.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene ..........................................118
6.4.7.2 FEP .............................................................................119
6.4.7.3 Other Fluoroplastics ................................................119
6.5 Electron Beam Processing of Elastomers ........................................120
6.5.1 Physical Properties of Radiation Cross-Linked
Elastomers ................................................................................123
6.5.2 Effects of Radiation on Individual Elastomers ...................124
6.5.2.1 Natural Rubber (NR) and Synthetic
Polyisoprene .............................................................124
6.5.2.2 Polybutadiene and Its Copolymers .......................127
6.5.2.3 Polyisobutylene and Its Copolymers ....................129
6.5.2.4 Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers and
Terpolymers ..............................................................131
6.5.2.5 Polychloroprene .......................................................132
6.5.2.6 Silicone Elastomers ..................................................133