Table Of Content

Pub 1310 RADAR NAVIGATION AND MANEUVERING BOARD MANUAL Seventh Edition 2001 Prepared and published by the NATIONAL IMAGERY AND MAPPING AGENCY Bethesda, Maryland © COPYRIGHT 2001 BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NO COPYRIGHT CLAIMED UNDER TITLE 17 U.S.C. For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendant of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 PREFACE The2001editionofPub.1310RadarNavigationandManeuveringBoard maritime community. Most of the illustrations and examples have been Manual combines selected chapters from the sixth edition of Pub. 1310, carried forward into this edition. RadarNavigationManual,andthefourtheditionofPub.217,Maneuvering Board Manual. The chapter on ARPA has been expanded and now includes a sample operatingmanualforamoderncommercialradarandARPA.Manyexcellent This manual has been compiled by the editorial staff of the Maritime otherpublicationsonARPAareavailableandshouldbeconsultedforamore SafetyInformationCenterattheNationalImageryandMappingAgency.It thorough understanding on this subject matter. is intended to be used primarily as a manual of instruction in navigation schools and by naval and merchant marine personnel. By combining the Users should refer corrections, additions, and comments for improving previouseditionsofPub.1310andPub.217intoonebookwehopethatwe this product to: have provided a practical reference for mariners on board ship and instructors ashore. It is also intended to be of assistance to others who are MARITIME SAFETY INFORMATION CENTER concerned with marine radar in different and less direct ways. NATIONAL IMAGERY AND MAPPING AGENCY ST D 44 In combining the two manuals, every effort has been made to retain the 4600 SANGAMORE ROAD original style and format which has proven to be clear and helpful to the BETHESDA MD 20816-5003 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The information which was used in the book’s recompilation has come Particular thanks are due to Mr. Eric K. Larsson, Director, Center for from a wide variety of sources. The staff at NIMA would like to thank the Maritime Education, Seaman’s Church Institute, New York and the Furuno many individuals for their contributions. These include; U.S. Navy Radar ElectricCo.,LTD.forprovidingtheinstructionmanualfortheirlatestraster TrainingFacilities,merchantmarineacademies,U.S.CoastGuardAcademy, scan radar and ARPA units. radar manufactures and a number of individual mariners. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1—BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES AND Dust .................................................................................................14 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Unusual Propagation Conditions ....................................................14 A BASIC RADAR SYSTEM ......................................................................15 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................1 RADAR SYSTEM CONSTANTS .....................................................15 Carrier Frequency ........................................................................15 A BRIEF HISTORY ......................................................................................2 Pulse Repetition Frequency .........................................................15 RADAR PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS ....................................3 Pulse Length.................................................................................15 THE RADIO WAVE ................................................................................3 Power Relation .............................................................................16 THE RADAR BEAM ...............................................................................4 COMPONENTS AND SUMMARY OF FUNCTIONS.....................17 Beam Width .......................................................................................4 FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS ....................................................18 EFFECT OF SEA SURFACE ON RADAR BEAM ................................5 Power Supply ...............................................................................18 Modulator.....................................................................................18 ATMOSPHERIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE RADAR HORIZON .......................................................................................9 Transmitter ...................................................................................18 THE RADAR HORIZON .........................................................................9 Transmitting and Receiving Antenna System..............................18 DIFFRACTION ........................................................................................9 Receiver .......................................................................................20 REFRACTION .........................................................................................9 Indicator .......................................................................................21 Standard Atmospheric Conditions......................................................9 FACTORS AFFECTING DETECTION, DISPLAY, AND Sub-refraction ..................................................................................10 MEASUREMENT OF RADAR TARGETS.............................................24 Super-refraction ...............................................................................10 FACTORS AFFECTING MAXIMUM RANGE ...............................24 Extra Super-refraction or Ducting ...................................................11 Frequency.....................................................................................24 Ducting Areas ..................................................................................11 Peak Power...................................................................................24 WEATHER FACTORS AFFECTING THE RADAR HORIZON ........13 Pulse Length.................................................................................24 Attenuation by rain, fog, clouds, hail, snow, and dust.....................13 Rain ..................................................................................................13 Pulse Repetition Rate ...................................................................24 Fog ...................................................................................................13 Beam Width .................................................................................24 Clouds ..............................................................................................14 Target Characteristics ..................................................................24 Hail ..................................................................................................14 Receiver Sensitivity .....................................................................24 Snow ................................................................................................14 Antenna Rotation Rate .................................................................24 v WAVELENGTH.........................................................................................31 FACTORS AFFECTING MINIMUM RANGE..........................................25 TARGET CHARACTERISTICS ...............................................................34 Pulse Length ..............................................................................................25 Height........................................................................................................34 Sea Return ..................................................................................................25 Size............................................................................................................34 Side-Lobe Echoes ......................................................................................25 Aspect .......................................................................................................34 Vertical Beam Width .................................................................................25 Shape.........................................................................................................34 FACTORS AFFECTING RANGE ACCURACY.......................................25 Texture ......................................................................................................34 Fixed Error .................................................................................................25 Composition ..............................................................................................34 Line Voltage ..............................................................................................25 Frequency Drift ..........................................................................................25 CHAPTER 2—RADAR OPERATION Calibration .................................................................................................25 Pip and VRM Alignment ...........................................................................26 Range Scale ...............................................................................................26 RELATIVE AND TRUE MOTION DISPLAYS .....................................35 PPI Curvature.............................................................................................26 GENERAL ..................................................................................................35 Radarscope Interpretation ..........................................................................26 RELATIVE MOTION RADAR .................................................................35 FACTORS AFFECTING RANGE RESOLUTION....................................26 Orientations of Relative Motion Display ..................................................36 Pulse Length ..............................................................................................26 Stabilization ..............................................................................................36 Receiver Gain ............................................................................................28 TRUE MOTION RADAR ..........................................................................37 CRT Spot Size ...........................................................................................28 Stabilization ..............................................................................................37 Range Scale ...............................................................................................28 Radarscope Persistence and Echo Trails ..................................................37 FACTORS AFFECTING BEARING ACCURACY...................................29 Reset Requirements and Methods.............................................................37 Horizontal Beam Width .............................................................................29 Modes of Operation ..................................................................................38 Target Size .................................................................................................29 Types of True Motion Display..................................................................38 Target Rate of Movement ..........................................................................29 Stabilization of Display .............................................................................29 PLOTTING AND MEASUREMENTS ON PPI ......................................39 Sweep Centering Error...............................................................................29 THE REFLECTION PLOTTER .................................................................39 Parallax Error .............................................................................................29 Basic Reflection Plotter Designs ..............................................................39 Heading Flash Alignment ..........................................................................29 Marking the Reflection Plotter .................................................................39 FACTORS AFFECTING BEARING RESOLUTION................................29 Cleanliness ................................................................................................39 Horizontal Beam Width .............................................................................29 PLOTTING ON STABILIZED AND UNSTABILIZED DISPLAYS.......39 Range of Targets ........................................................................................30 Stabilized North-Upward Display ............................................................39 CRT Spot Size ...........................................................................................31 vi RANGE AND BEARING MEASUREMENT .......................................44 MEASUREMENT AND ALIGNMENT CONTROLS ......................54 Mechanical Bearing Cursor .............................................................44 Range ...........................................................................................54 Variable Range Marker (Range Strobe) ..........................................44 Bearing .........................................................................................55 Electronic Bearing Cursor ...............................................................44 Sweep Centering ..........................................................................55 Interscan...........................................................................................45 Center Expansion .........................................................................55 Off-Center Display ..........................................................................45 Heading Flash Alignment ............................................................55 Expanded Center Display ................................................................46 Range Calibration ........................................................................55 TRUE MOTION CONTROLS ...........................................................56 RADAR OPERATING CONTROLS.........................................................47 Operating Mode ...........................................................................56 POWER CONTROLS ............................................................................47 Normal Reset Control ..................................................................56 Indicator Power Switch....................................................................47 Delayed Reset Control .................................................................56 Antenna (Scanner) Power Switch ....................................................47 Manual Reset Control ..................................................................56 Special Switches ..............................................................................47 Manual Override Control .............................................................56 PERFORMANCE CONTROLS—INITIAL ADJUSTMENTS .............48 Ship’s Speed Input Selector Control ............................................56 Brilliance Control ............................................................................48 Set and Drift Controls ..................................................................56 Receiver Gain Control .....................................................................49 Speed and Course Made Good Controls ......................................57 Tuning Control.................................................................................50 Zero Speed Control ......................................................................57 PERFORMANCE CONTROLS - ADJUSTMENTS ACCORDING TO OPERATING CONDITIONS ..........................................................50 Receiver Gain Control .....................................................................50 CHAPTER 3—COLLISION AVOIDANCE Fast Time Constant (FTC) Switch (Differentiator) .........................50 Rain Clutter Control ........................................................................50 RELATIVE MOTION ................................................................................59 Sensitivity Time Control (STC).......................................................52 THE VECTOR TRIANGLE ...............................................................63 Performance Monitor .......................................................................53 VECTOR EQUATIONS .....................................................................64 Pulse Lengths and Pulse Repetition Rate Controls..........................54 LIGHTING AND BRIGHTNESS CONTROLS ....................................54 MANEUVERING BOARD ........................................................................66 Reflection Plotter .............................................................................54 MANEUVERING BOARD FORMAT ..............................................66 Heading Flash ..................................................................................54 PLOTTING ON MANEUVERING BOARD.....................................66 Electronic Bearing Cursor ...............................................................54 Relative Movement Problems ......................................................71 Fixed Range Markers.......................................................................54 Variable Range Marker....................................................................54 THE LOGARITHMIC TIME-SPEED-DISTANCE NOMOGRAM.....74 Panel Lighting..................................................................................54 NAUTICAL SLIDE RULES ..............................................................76 vii GRAPHICAL RELATIVE MOTION SOLUTIONS .............................76 EXAMPLE 5—COURSE TO PASS SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA RAPID RADAR PLOTTING .................................................................77 (Own ship’s speed is less than that of other ship) ..............98 TRANSFER PLOTTING........................................................................77 EXAMPLE 6—VERIFICATION OF FIXED OBJECTS OR RADAR SELECTION OF PLOTTING TECHNIQUES ......................................77 CONTACTS DEAD IN THE WATER...........................100 RADAR PLOTTING SYMBOLS...............................................................81 EXAMPLE 7—AVOIDANCE OF MULTIPLE CONTACTS WITHOUT FIRST DETERMINING THE TRUE GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS ON THE REFLECTION COURSES AND SPEEDS OF THE CONTACTS .........102 PLOTTER RAPID RADAR PLOTTING .................................................83 CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH ......................................................83 EXAMPLE 8—DETERMINING THE CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH TRUE COURSE AND SPEED OF CONTACT ....................................83 FROM THE GEOGRAPHICAL PLOT ..........................104 COURSE TO PASS AT SPECIFIED CPA ............................................85 ALTERNATIVE RADAR PLOTTING SYMBOLS .............................106 SPECIAL CASES ...................................................................................86 STANDARD PLOTTING PERIOD .................................................108 CONSTRUCTING THE PLASTIC RULE USED WITH SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVE PLOTTING SYMBOLS RAPID RADAR PLOTTING .....................................................................88 R-T-M TRIANGLE ..........................................................................110 ALTERNATIVE GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS ON THE EXAMPLES REFLECTION PLOTTER ......................................................................112 e-r-m TRIANGLE CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH ................................................112 TRUE COURSE AND SPEED OF CONTACT...............................112 COURSE TO PASS AT SPECIFIED CPA ......................................114 EXAMPLE 1—DETERMINATION OF CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH (CPA) .......................................................90 SPECIAL CASES .............................................................................115 BLACK LIGHT ILLUMINATION ..................................................115 EXAMPLE 2—COURSE AND SPEED OF A RADAR CONTACT ...........................................................................92 EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 3—COURSE AND SPEED OF RADAR CONTACT R-T-M TRIANGLE BY THE LADDER METHOD ............................................94 EXAMPLE 4—COURSE TO PASS A SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA EXAMPLE 9—DETERMINATION OF CLOSEST POINT OF (Own ship’s speed is greater than that of other ship) ...........96 APPROACH (CPA) ..........................................................118 viii EXAMPLE 10—COURSE AND SPEED OF A RADAR CHAPTER 4—RADAR NAVIGATION CONTACT .......................................................................120 EXAMPLE 11—COURSE AND SPEED OF RADAR CONTACT RADARSCOPE INTERPRETATION....................................................147 BY THE LADDER METHOD ........................................122 LAND TARGETS.............................................................................147 SHIP TARGETS ...............................................................................149 EXAMPLE 12—COURSE TO PASS A SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA RADAR SHADOW ..........................................................................149 (Own ship’s speed is greater than that of other ship) .......124 BEAM WIDTH AND PULSE LENGTH DISTORTION ................149 SUMMARY OF DISTORTIONS.....................................................151 EXAMPLE 13—COURSE TO PASS SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA RECOGNITION OF UNWANTED ECHOES AND (Own ship’s speed is less than that of other ship)............126 EFFECTS ..........................................................................................152 EXAMPLE 14—VERIFICATION OF FIXED OBJECTS OR Indirect (False) Echoes ..................................................................152 RADAR CONTACTS DEAD IN THE WATER ............128 Side-lobe Effects ...........................................................................153 Multiple Echoes .............................................................................153 EXAMPLE 15—AVOIDANCE OF MULTIPLE CONTACTS Second-Trace (Multiple-Trace) Echoes ........................................153 WITHOUT FIRST DETERMINING THE TRUE Electronic Interference Effects ......................................................155 COURSES AND SPEEDS OF THE CONTACTS .........130 Blind and Shadow Sectors .............................................................155 Spoking ..........................................................................................156 PRACTICAL SOLUTION FOR CPA IN TRUE Sectoring ........................................................................................156 MOTION MODE .......................................................................................132 Serrated Range Rings ....................................................................156 SITUATION RECOGNITION .................................................................139 PPI Display Distortion...................................................................156 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................139 Hour-Glass Effect ..........................................................................156 RULES FOR SPEED CHANGE ..........................................................140 Overhead Cable Effect ..................................................................156 Reduced Speed...............................................................................140 AIDS TO RADAR NAVIGATION..........................................................158 Increased Speed .............................................................................140 RADAR REFLECTORS...................................................................158 Speed of Relative Motion (SRM) ..................................................140 RADAR BEACONS .........................................................................158 SITUATION DISPLAYS .....................................................................140 Racon .........................................................................................159 APPLICATION ....................................................................................140 Ramark .......................................................................................160 RULES FOR MANEUVERING ..........................................................145 RADAR FIXING METHODS .................................................................161 RANGE AND BEARING TO A SINGLE OBJECT .......................161 TWO OR MORE BEARINGS .........................................................161 ix TANGENT BEARINGS.......................................................................161 CHAPTER 5—AUTOMATIC RADAR PLOTTING AIDS TWO OR MORE RANGES .................................................................161 (ARPA) MIXED METHODS .............................................................................162 PRECONSTRUCTION OF RANGE ARCS ........................................163 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................191 CONTOUR METHOD .........................................................................164 STAND-ALONE AND INTEGRAL ARPA’S.........................................191 ARPA DISPLAY...............................................................................192 IDENTIFYING A RADAR-INCONSPICUOUS OBJECT ...................165 Raster-scan PPI..............................................................................192 FINDING COURSE AND SPEED MADE GOOD BY Monochrome and Color CRT........................................................192 PARALLEL-LINE CURSOR ...................................................................166 FEATURES AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF PARALLEL-LINE CURSOR FOR ANCHORING ................167 A MODERN RASTER SCAN RADAR AND ARPA ............................193 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................193 PARALLEL INDEXING ..........................................................................169 FEATURES ......................................................................................193 General Features............................................................................194 THE FRANKLIN CONTINUOUS RADAR PLOT ARPA Features..............................................................................194 TECHNIQUE .............................................................................................182 DISPLAY CONTROLS.....................................................................196 Mode Panel....................................................................................196 TRUE MOTION RADAR RESET IN RESTRICTED Plotting Keypad.............................................................................197 WATERS ....................................................................................................184 OPERATION.............................................................................................198 RADAR DETECTION OF ICE................................................................186 TURNING ON POWER....................................................................198 ICEBERGS ...........................................................................................186 TRANSMITTER ON.........................................................................198 BERGY BITS .......................................................................................186 CRT BRILLIANCE...........................................................................198 TUNING THE RECEIVER...............................................................199 GROWLERS.........................................................................................186 Auto Tune......................................................................................199 RADAR SETTINGS FOR RADARSCOPE PHOTOGRAPHY ...........187 Manual Tune..................................................................................199 Video Lockup Recovery................................................................199 NAVIGATIONAL PLANNING ...............................................................188 DEGAUSSING THE CRT SCREEN................................................202 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES ....................................................................189 INITIALIZING THE GYRO READOUT.........................................202 Identifying Echoes .........................................................................189 PRESENTATION MODES...............................................................202 Fixing .............................................................................................189 Relative Motion (RM)...................................................................202 True Motion (TM).........................................................................202 x SELECTING THE PRESENTATION MODE...................................202 Vector Time...................................................................................213 Head-up Mode................................................................................203 Target Data....................................................................................213 Course-up Mode.............................................................................203 Reading the Target Data............................................................... 213 Head-up TB (True Bearing) Mode.................................................204 Terminating Target Plotting..........................................................213 North-up Mode...............................................................................204 Entering Own Ship’s Speed...........................................................213 True Motion Mode..........................................................................205 Automatic Speed Input..................................................................214 SELECTING THE RANGE SCALE..................................................206 Manual Speed Input.......................................................................214 SELECTING THE PULSEWIDTH....................................................206 TARGET TRAILS (ECHO TRAILS)...............................................215 Selecting Pulsewidth 1 or 2............................................................206 True or Relative Trails...................................................................215 Presetting Pulsewidths 1 and 2.......................................................206 Trail Gradations.............................................................................215 ADJUSTING THE SENSITIVITY....................................................206 Displaying and Erasing Echo Trails..............................................215 SUPPRESSING SEA CLUTTER.......................................................207 Resetting Echo Trails.....................................................................215 Automatic Anti-clutter Control.......................................................207 PARALLEL INDEX LINES............................................................ 216 Manual Anti-clutter Control...........................................................207 Displaying and Erasing the Index Lines........................................216 SUPPRESSING PRECIPITATION CLUTTER.................................207 Adjusting Index Line Intervals......................................................216 INTERFERENCE REJECTOR..........................................................207 ANCHOR WATCH...........................................................................216 MEASURING THE RANGE.............................................................208 Activating Anchor Watch..............................................................216 MEASURING THE BEARING.........................................................208 Alarm Range Setting......................................................................216 COLLSION ASSESSMENT BY OFFSET EBL................................209 Showing Drag Lines......................................................................217 MEASURING RANGE AND BEARING BETWEEN Anchor Watch in Standby or Transmit Status...............................217 TWO TARGETS.................................................................................210 Origin Mark.................................................................................. 217 SETTING A GUARD ZONE (GUARD ALARM)............................210 Zoom..............................................................................................217 SILENCING AUDIBLE ALARM, REACTIVATING MARKERS........................................................................................218 GUARD ALARM...............................................................................210 Heading Marker.............................................................................218 DISABLING GUARD ZONE (GUARD ALARM)...........................211 Temporarily Erasing Heading Marker...........................................218 INWARD AND OUTWARD GUARD ALARMS............................211 OFF-CENTERING.............................................................................211 North Marker.................................................................................218 ECHO STRETCH...............................................................................211 Stern Marker..................................................................................218 ECHO AVERAGING.........................................................................211 Menu Keys.................................................................................... 218 ELECTRONIC PLOTTING (E-PLOT)..............................................212 FUNCTION KEYS............................................................................219 Plotting a target...............................................................................212 Watch Alarm..................................................................................220 True or Relative Vector..................................................................213 EPA Menu.................................................................................... 220 xi NAVIGATION INFORMATION......................................................221 MODE AND LENGTH OF VECTORS............................................231 Menu and Navigation Data Display...............................................221 True or Relative Vectors................................................................231 Suppressing Second-trace Echoes..................................................221 True Vector....................................................................................231 Adjusting Relative Brilliance Levels of Screen Data.....................222 Relative Vector..............................................................................231 Set and Drift (Set and Rate)............................................................222 Vector Time...................................................................................231 PAST POSITIONS............................................................................231 OPERATION OF ARPA............................................................................223 Displaying and Erasing Past Positions..........................................231 GENERAL .........................................................................................223 Selecting the Number of Dots and Past Positions PRINCIPAL SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................223 Intervals........................................................................................ 232 Acquisition and Tracking...............................................................223 SETTING CPA/TCPA ALARM RANGES......................................232 Vectors............................................................................................223 Silencing CPA/TCPA Aural Alarms.............................................232 ARPA MENU OPERATION..............................................................224 Setting a Guard Zone.....................................................................232 START UP PROCEDURE.................................................................224 Activating the Guard Zone............................................................233 Activating the ARPA......................................................................224 Deactivating the Guard Zone.........................................................233 Entering Own Ship’s Speed............................................................224 Silencing the Guard Zone Audible Alarm.....................................233 Automatic Speed Input...................................................................224 Operational Warnings................................................................... 233 Manual Speed Input........................................................................225 CPA/TCPA Alarm.........................................................................234 Target Based Speed........................................................................225 Guard Zone Alarm.........................................................................234 Cancelling Target Based Speed......................................................225 Lost Target Alarm..........................................................................234 Deactivating the ARPA................................................................. 225 Target Full Alarm..........................................................................234 AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION..........................................................225 Manually Acquired Targets...........................................................234 Enabling and Disabling Auto Acquisition......................................226 Automatically Acquired Targets....................................................234 Setting Auto Aquisition Areas........................................................226 System Failure Alarm................................................................... 234 Terminating Tracking of Targets....................................................227 TRIAL MANEUVER........................................................................235 Individual Targets...........................................................................227 Dynamic Trial Maneuver...............................................................235 All Targets......................................................................................227 Static Trial Maneuver....................................................................235 Discrimination Between Landmass and True Targets....................227 Terminating Trial Maneuver..........................................................235 MANUAL ACQUISITION................................................................227 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING TARGETS FOR CHANGING PLOT SYMBOL SIZE.................................................227 TRACKING.......................................................................................236 ADJUSTING BRILLIANCE OF PLOT MARKS..............................227 Acquisition and Tracking..............................................................236 DISPLAYING TARGET DATA........................................................230 Quantization...................................................................................236 xii

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The chapter on ARPA has been expanded and now includes a sample operating manual for a modern commercial radar and ARPA. Many excellent.
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Pub 1310 RADAR NAVIGATION AND MANEUVERING BOARD MANUAL Seventh Edition 2001 Prepared and published by the NATIONAL IMAGERY AND MAPPING AGENCY Bethesda, Maryland © COPYRIGHT 2001 BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NO COPYRIGHT CLAIMED UNDER TITLE 17 U.S.C. For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendant of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 PREFACE The2001editionofPub.1310RadarNavigationandManeuveringBoard maritime community. Most of the illustrations and examples have been Manual combines selected chapters from the sixth edition of Pub. 1310, carried forward into this edition. RadarNavigationManual,andthefourtheditionofPub.217,Maneuvering Board Manual. The chapter on ARPA has been expanded and now includes a sample operatingmanualforamoderncommercialradarandARPA.Manyexcellent This manual has been compiled by the editorial staff of the Maritime otherpublicationsonARPAareavailableandshouldbeconsultedforamore SafetyInformationCenterattheNationalImageryandMappingAgency.It thorough understanding on this subject matter. is intended to be used primarily as a manual of instruction in navigation schools and by naval and merchant marine personnel. By combining the Users should refer corrections, additions, and comments for improving previouseditionsofPub.1310andPub.217intoonebookwehopethatwe this product to: have provided a practical reference for mariners on board ship and instructors ashore. It is also intended to be of assistance to others who are MARITIME SAFETY INFORMATION CENTER concerned with marine radar in different and less direct ways. NATIONAL IMAGERY AND MAPPING AGENCY ST D 44 In combining the two manuals, every effort has been made to retain the 4600 SANGAMORE ROAD original style and format which has proven to be clear and helpful to the BETHESDA MD 20816-5003 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The information which was used in the book’s recompilation has come Particular thanks are due to Mr. Eric K. Larsson, Director, Center for from a wide variety of sources. The staff at NIMA would like to thank the Maritime Education, Seaman’s Church Institute, New York and the Furuno many individuals for their contributions. These include; U.S. Navy Radar ElectricCo.,LTD.forprovidingtheinstructionmanualfortheirlatestraster TrainingFacilities,merchantmarineacademies,U.S.CoastGuardAcademy, scan radar and ARPA units. radar manufactures and a number of individual mariners. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1—BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES AND Dust .................................................................................................14 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Unusual Propagation Conditions ....................................................14 A BASIC RADAR SYSTEM ......................................................................15 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................1 RADAR SYSTEM CONSTANTS .....................................................15 Carrier Frequency ........................................................................15 A BRIEF HISTORY ......................................................................................2 Pulse Repetition Frequency .........................................................15 RADAR PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS ....................................3 Pulse Length.................................................................................15 THE RADIO WAVE ................................................................................3 Power Relation .............................................................................16 THE RADAR BEAM ...............................................................................4 COMPONENTS AND SUMMARY OF FUNCTIONS.....................17 Beam Width .......................................................................................4 FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS ....................................................18 EFFECT OF SEA SURFACE ON RADAR BEAM ................................5 Power Supply ...............................................................................18 Modulator.....................................................................................18 ATMOSPHERIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE RADAR HORIZON .......................................................................................9 Transmitter ...................................................................................18 THE RADAR HORIZON .........................................................................9 Transmitting and Receiving Antenna System..............................18 DIFFRACTION ........................................................................................9 Receiver .......................................................................................20 REFRACTION .........................................................................................9 Indicator .......................................................................................21 Standard Atmospheric Conditions......................................................9 FACTORS AFFECTING DETECTION, DISPLAY, AND Sub-refraction ..................................................................................10 MEASUREMENT OF RADAR TARGETS.............................................24 Super-refraction ...............................................................................10 FACTORS AFFECTING MAXIMUM RANGE ...............................24 Extra Super-refraction or Ducting ...................................................11 Frequency.....................................................................................24 Ducting Areas ..................................................................................11 Peak Power...................................................................................24 WEATHER FACTORS AFFECTING THE RADAR HORIZON ........13 Pulse Length.................................................................................24 Attenuation by rain, fog, clouds, hail, snow, and dust.....................13 Rain ..................................................................................................13 Pulse Repetition Rate ...................................................................24 Fog ...................................................................................................13 Beam Width .................................................................................24 Clouds ..............................................................................................14 Target Characteristics ..................................................................24 Hail ..................................................................................................14 Receiver Sensitivity .....................................................................24 Snow ................................................................................................14 Antenna Rotation Rate .................................................................24 v WAVELENGTH.........................................................................................31 FACTORS AFFECTING MINIMUM RANGE..........................................25 TARGET CHARACTERISTICS ...............................................................34 Pulse Length ..............................................................................................25 Height........................................................................................................34 Sea Return ..................................................................................................25 Size............................................................................................................34 Side-Lobe Echoes ......................................................................................25 Aspect .......................................................................................................34 Vertical Beam Width .................................................................................25 Shape.........................................................................................................34 FACTORS AFFECTING RANGE ACCURACY.......................................25 Texture ......................................................................................................34 Fixed Error .................................................................................................25 Composition ..............................................................................................34 Line Voltage ..............................................................................................25 Frequency Drift ..........................................................................................25 CHAPTER 2—RADAR OPERATION Calibration .................................................................................................25 Pip and VRM Alignment ...........................................................................26 Range Scale ...............................................................................................26 RELATIVE AND TRUE MOTION DISPLAYS .....................................35 PPI Curvature.............................................................................................26 GENERAL ..................................................................................................35 Radarscope Interpretation ..........................................................................26 RELATIVE MOTION RADAR .................................................................35 FACTORS AFFECTING RANGE RESOLUTION....................................26 Orientations of Relative Motion Display ..................................................36 Pulse Length ..............................................................................................26 Stabilization ..............................................................................................36 Receiver Gain ............................................................................................28 TRUE MOTION RADAR ..........................................................................37 CRT Spot Size ...........................................................................................28 Stabilization ..............................................................................................37 Range Scale ...............................................................................................28 Radarscope Persistence and Echo Trails ..................................................37 FACTORS AFFECTING BEARING ACCURACY...................................29 Reset Requirements and Methods.............................................................37 Horizontal Beam Width .............................................................................29 Modes of Operation ..................................................................................38 Target Size .................................................................................................29 Types of True Motion Display..................................................................38 Target Rate of Movement ..........................................................................29 Stabilization of Display .............................................................................29 PLOTTING AND MEASUREMENTS ON PPI ......................................39 Sweep Centering Error...............................................................................29 THE REFLECTION PLOTTER .................................................................39 Parallax Error .............................................................................................29 Basic Reflection Plotter Designs ..............................................................39 Heading Flash Alignment ..........................................................................29 Marking the Reflection Plotter .................................................................39 FACTORS AFFECTING BEARING RESOLUTION................................29 Cleanliness ................................................................................................39 Horizontal Beam Width .............................................................................29 PLOTTING ON STABILIZED AND UNSTABILIZED DISPLAYS.......39 Range of Targets ........................................................................................30 Stabilized North-Upward Display ............................................................39 CRT Spot Size ...........................................................................................31 vi RANGE AND BEARING MEASUREMENT .......................................44 MEASUREMENT AND ALIGNMENT CONTROLS ......................54 Mechanical Bearing Cursor .............................................................44 Range ...........................................................................................54 Variable Range Marker (Range Strobe) ..........................................44 Bearing .........................................................................................55 Electronic Bearing Cursor ...............................................................44 Sweep Centering ..........................................................................55 Interscan...........................................................................................45 Center Expansion .........................................................................55 Off-Center Display ..........................................................................45 Heading Flash Alignment ............................................................55 Expanded Center Display ................................................................46 Range Calibration ........................................................................55 TRUE MOTION CONTROLS ...........................................................56 RADAR OPERATING CONTROLS.........................................................47 Operating Mode ...........................................................................56 POWER CONTROLS ............................................................................47 Normal Reset Control ..................................................................56 Indicator Power Switch....................................................................47 Delayed Reset Control .................................................................56 Antenna (Scanner) Power Switch ....................................................47 Manual Reset Control ..................................................................56 Special Switches ..............................................................................47 Manual Override Control .............................................................56 PERFORMANCE CONTROLS—INITIAL ADJUSTMENTS .............48 Ship’s Speed Input Selector Control ............................................56 Brilliance Control ............................................................................48 Set and Drift Controls ..................................................................56 Receiver Gain Control .....................................................................49 Speed and Course Made Good Controls ......................................57 Tuning Control.................................................................................50 Zero Speed Control ......................................................................57 PERFORMANCE CONTROLS - ADJUSTMENTS ACCORDING TO OPERATING CONDITIONS ..........................................................50 Receiver Gain Control .....................................................................50 CHAPTER 3—COLLISION AVOIDANCE Fast Time Constant (FTC) Switch (Differentiator) .........................50 Rain Clutter Control ........................................................................50 RELATIVE MOTION ................................................................................59 Sensitivity Time Control (STC).......................................................52 THE VECTOR TRIANGLE ...............................................................63 Performance Monitor .......................................................................53 VECTOR EQUATIONS .....................................................................64 Pulse Lengths and Pulse Repetition Rate Controls..........................54 LIGHTING AND BRIGHTNESS CONTROLS ....................................54 MANEUVERING BOARD ........................................................................66 Reflection Plotter .............................................................................54 MANEUVERING BOARD FORMAT ..............................................66 Heading Flash ..................................................................................54 PLOTTING ON MANEUVERING BOARD.....................................66 Electronic Bearing Cursor ...............................................................54 Relative Movement Problems ......................................................71 Fixed Range Markers.......................................................................54 Variable Range Marker....................................................................54 THE LOGARITHMIC TIME-SPEED-DISTANCE NOMOGRAM.....74 Panel Lighting..................................................................................54 NAUTICAL SLIDE RULES ..............................................................76 vii GRAPHICAL RELATIVE MOTION SOLUTIONS .............................76 EXAMPLE 5—COURSE TO PASS SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA RAPID RADAR PLOTTING .................................................................77 (Own ship’s speed is less than that of other ship) ..............98 TRANSFER PLOTTING........................................................................77 EXAMPLE 6—VERIFICATION OF FIXED OBJECTS OR RADAR SELECTION OF PLOTTING TECHNIQUES ......................................77 CONTACTS DEAD IN THE WATER...........................100 RADAR PLOTTING SYMBOLS...............................................................81 EXAMPLE 7—AVOIDANCE OF MULTIPLE CONTACTS WITHOUT FIRST DETERMINING THE TRUE GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS ON THE REFLECTION COURSES AND SPEEDS OF THE CONTACTS .........102 PLOTTER RAPID RADAR PLOTTING .................................................83 CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH ......................................................83 EXAMPLE 8—DETERMINING THE CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH TRUE COURSE AND SPEED OF CONTACT ....................................83 FROM THE GEOGRAPHICAL PLOT ..........................104 COURSE TO PASS AT SPECIFIED CPA ............................................85 ALTERNATIVE RADAR PLOTTING SYMBOLS .............................106 SPECIAL CASES ...................................................................................86 STANDARD PLOTTING PERIOD .................................................108 CONSTRUCTING THE PLASTIC RULE USED WITH SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVE PLOTTING SYMBOLS RAPID RADAR PLOTTING .....................................................................88 R-T-M TRIANGLE ..........................................................................110 ALTERNATIVE GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS ON THE EXAMPLES REFLECTION PLOTTER ......................................................................112 e-r-m TRIANGLE CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH ................................................112 TRUE COURSE AND SPEED OF CONTACT...............................112 COURSE TO PASS AT SPECIFIED CPA ......................................114 EXAMPLE 1—DETERMINATION OF CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH (CPA) .......................................................90 SPECIAL CASES .............................................................................115 BLACK LIGHT ILLUMINATION ..................................................115 EXAMPLE 2—COURSE AND SPEED OF A RADAR CONTACT ...........................................................................92 EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 3—COURSE AND SPEED OF RADAR CONTACT R-T-M TRIANGLE BY THE LADDER METHOD ............................................94 EXAMPLE 4—COURSE TO PASS A SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA EXAMPLE 9—DETERMINATION OF CLOSEST POINT OF (Own ship’s speed is greater than that of other ship) ...........96 APPROACH (CPA) ..........................................................118 viii EXAMPLE 10—COURSE AND SPEED OF A RADAR CHAPTER 4—RADAR NAVIGATION CONTACT .......................................................................120 EXAMPLE 11—COURSE AND SPEED OF RADAR CONTACT RADARSCOPE INTERPRETATION....................................................147 BY THE LADDER METHOD ........................................122 LAND TARGETS.............................................................................147 SHIP TARGETS ...............................................................................149 EXAMPLE 12—COURSE TO PASS A SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA RADAR SHADOW ..........................................................................149 (Own ship’s speed is greater than that of other ship) .......124 BEAM WIDTH AND PULSE LENGTH DISTORTION ................149 SUMMARY OF DISTORTIONS.....................................................151 EXAMPLE 13—COURSE TO PASS SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA RECOGNITION OF UNWANTED ECHOES AND (Own ship’s speed is less than that of other ship)............126 EFFECTS ..........................................................................................152 EXAMPLE 14—VERIFICATION OF FIXED OBJECTS OR Indirect (False) Echoes ..................................................................152 RADAR CONTACTS DEAD IN THE WATER ............128 Side-lobe Effects ...........................................................................153 Multiple Echoes .............................................................................153 EXAMPLE 15—AVOIDANCE OF MULTIPLE CONTACTS Second-Trace (Multiple-Trace) Echoes ........................................153 WITHOUT FIRST DETERMINING THE TRUE Electronic Interference Effects ......................................................155 COURSES AND SPEEDS OF THE CONTACTS .........130 Blind and Shadow Sectors .............................................................155 Spoking ..........................................................................................156 PRACTICAL SOLUTION FOR CPA IN TRUE Sectoring ........................................................................................156 MOTION MODE .......................................................................................132 Serrated Range Rings ....................................................................156 SITUATION RECOGNITION .................................................................139 PPI Display Distortion...................................................................156 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................139 Hour-Glass Effect ..........................................................................156 RULES FOR SPEED CHANGE ..........................................................140 Overhead Cable Effect ..................................................................156 Reduced Speed...............................................................................140 AIDS TO RADAR NAVIGATION..........................................................158 Increased Speed .............................................................................140 RADAR REFLECTORS...................................................................158 Speed of Relative Motion (SRM) ..................................................140 RADAR BEACONS .........................................................................158 SITUATION DISPLAYS .....................................................................140 Racon .........................................................................................159 APPLICATION ....................................................................................140 Ramark .......................................................................................160 RULES FOR MANEUVERING ..........................................................145 RADAR FIXING METHODS .................................................................161 RANGE AND BEARING TO A SINGLE OBJECT .......................161 TWO OR MORE BEARINGS .........................................................161 ix TANGENT BEARINGS.......................................................................161 CHAPTER 5—AUTOMATIC RADAR PLOTTING AIDS TWO OR MORE RANGES .................................................................161 (ARPA) MIXED METHODS .............................................................................162 PRECONSTRUCTION OF RANGE ARCS ........................................163 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................191 CONTOUR METHOD .........................................................................164 STAND-ALONE AND INTEGRAL ARPA’S.........................................191 ARPA DISPLAY...............................................................................192 IDENTIFYING A RADAR-INCONSPICUOUS OBJECT ...................165 Raster-scan PPI..............................................................................192 FINDING COURSE AND SPEED MADE GOOD BY Monochrome and Color CRT........................................................192 PARALLEL-LINE CURSOR ...................................................................166 FEATURES AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF PARALLEL-LINE CURSOR FOR ANCHORING ................167 A MODERN RASTER SCAN RADAR AND ARPA ............................193 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................193 PARALLEL INDEXING ..........................................................................169 FEATURES ......................................................................................193 General Features............................................................................194 THE FRANKLIN CONTINUOUS RADAR PLOT ARPA Features..............................................................................194 TECHNIQUE .............................................................................................182 DISPLAY CONTROLS.....................................................................196 Mode Panel....................................................................................196 TRUE MOTION RADAR RESET IN RESTRICTED Plotting Keypad.............................................................................197 WATERS ....................................................................................................184 OPERATION.............................................................................................198 RADAR DETECTION OF ICE................................................................186 TURNING ON POWER....................................................................198 ICEBERGS ...........................................................................................186 TRANSMITTER ON.........................................................................198 BERGY BITS .......................................................................................186 CRT BRILLIANCE...........................................................................198 TUNING THE RECEIVER...............................................................199 GROWLERS.........................................................................................186 Auto Tune......................................................................................199 RADAR SETTINGS FOR RADARSCOPE PHOTOGRAPHY ...........187 Manual Tune..................................................................................199 Video Lockup Recovery................................................................199 NAVIGATIONAL PLANNING ...............................................................188 DEGAUSSING THE CRT SCREEN................................................202 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES ....................................................................189 INITIALIZING THE GYRO READOUT.........................................202 Identifying Echoes .........................................................................189 PRESENTATION MODES...............................................................202 Fixing .............................................................................................189 Relative Motion (RM)...................................................................202 True Motion (TM).........................................................................202 x SELECTING THE PRESENTATION MODE...................................202 Vector Time...................................................................................213 Head-up Mode................................................................................203 Target Data....................................................................................213 Course-up Mode.............................................................................203 Reading the Target Data............................................................... 213 Head-up TB (True Bearing) Mode.................................................204 Terminating Target Plotting..........................................................213 North-up Mode...............................................................................204 Entering Own Ship’s Speed...........................................................213 True Motion Mode..........................................................................205 Automatic Speed Input..................................................................214 SELECTING THE RANGE SCALE..................................................206 Manual Speed Input.......................................................................214 SELECTING THE PULSEWIDTH....................................................206 TARGET TRAILS (ECHO TRAILS)...............................................215 Selecting Pulsewidth 1 or 2............................................................206 True or Relative Trails...................................................................215 Presetting Pulsewidths 1 and 2.......................................................206 Trail Gradations.............................................................................215 ADJUSTING THE SENSITIVITY....................................................206 Displaying and Erasing Echo Trails..............................................215 SUPPRESSING SEA CLUTTER.......................................................207 Resetting Echo Trails.....................................................................215 Automatic Anti-clutter Control.......................................................207 PARALLEL INDEX LINES............................................................ 216 Manual Anti-clutter Control...........................................................207 Displaying and Erasing the Index Lines........................................216 SUPPRESSING PRECIPITATION CLUTTER.................................207 Adjusting Index Line Intervals......................................................216 INTERFERENCE REJECTOR..........................................................207 ANCHOR WATCH...........................................................................216 MEASURING THE RANGE.............................................................208 Activating Anchor Watch..............................................................216 MEASURING THE BEARING.........................................................208 Alarm Range Setting......................................................................216 COLLSION ASSESSMENT BY OFFSET EBL................................209 Showing Drag Lines......................................................................217 MEASURING RANGE AND BEARING BETWEEN Anchor Watch in Standby or Transmit Status...............................217 TWO TARGETS.................................................................................210 Origin Mark.................................................................................. 217 SETTING A GUARD ZONE (GUARD ALARM)............................210 Zoom..............................................................................................217 SILENCING AUDIBLE ALARM, REACTIVATING MARKERS........................................................................................218 GUARD ALARM...............................................................................210 Heading Marker.............................................................................218 DISABLING GUARD ZONE (GUARD ALARM)...........................211 Temporarily Erasing Heading Marker...........................................218 INWARD AND OUTWARD GUARD ALARMS............................211 OFF-CENTERING.............................................................................211 North Marker.................................................................................218 ECHO STRETCH...............................................................................211 Stern Marker..................................................................................218 ECHO AVERAGING.........................................................................211 Menu Keys.................................................................................... 218 ELECTRONIC PLOTTING (E-PLOT)..............................................212 FUNCTION KEYS............................................................................219 Plotting a target...............................................................................212 Watch Alarm..................................................................................220 True or Relative Vector..................................................................213 EPA Menu.................................................................................... 220 xi NAVIGATION INFORMATION......................................................221 MODE AND LENGTH OF VECTORS............................................231 Menu and Navigation Data Display...............................................221 True or Relative Vectors................................................................231 Suppressing Second-trace Echoes..................................................221 True Vector....................................................................................231 Adjusting Relative Brilliance Levels of Screen Data.....................222 Relative Vector..............................................................................231 Set and Drift (Set and Rate)............................................................222 Vector Time...................................................................................231 PAST POSITIONS............................................................................231 OPERATION OF ARPA............................................................................223 Displaying and Erasing Past Positions..........................................231 GENERAL .........................................................................................223 Selecting the Number of Dots and Past Positions PRINCIPAL SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................223 Intervals........................................................................................ 232 Acquisition and Tracking...............................................................223 SETTING CPA/TCPA ALARM RANGES......................................232 Vectors............................................................................................223 Silencing CPA/TCPA Aural Alarms.............................................232 ARPA MENU OPERATION..............................................................224 Setting a Guard Zone.....................................................................232 START UP PROCEDURE.................................................................224 Activating the Guard Zone............................................................233 Activating the ARPA......................................................................224 Deactivating the Guard Zone.........................................................233 Entering Own Ship’s Speed............................................................224 Silencing the Guard Zone Audible Alarm.....................................233 Automatic Speed Input...................................................................224 Operational Warnings................................................................... 233 Manual Speed Input........................................................................225 CPA/TCPA Alarm.........................................................................234 Target Based Speed........................................................................225 Guard Zone Alarm.........................................................................234 Cancelling Target Based Speed......................................................225 Lost Target Alarm..........................................................................234 Deactivating the ARPA................................................................. 225 Target Full Alarm..........................................................................234 AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION..........................................................225 Manually Acquired Targets...........................................................234 Enabling and Disabling Auto Acquisition......................................226 Automatically Acquired Targets....................................................234 Setting Auto Aquisition Areas........................................................226 System Failure Alarm................................................................... 234 Terminating Tracking of Targets....................................................227 TRIAL MANEUVER........................................................................235 Individual Targets...........................................................................227 Dynamic Trial Maneuver...............................................................235 All Targets......................................................................................227 Static Trial Maneuver....................................................................235 Discrimination Between Landmass and True Targets....................227 Terminating Trial Maneuver..........................................................235 MANUAL ACQUISITION................................................................227 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING TARGETS FOR CHANGING PLOT SYMBOL SIZE.................................................227 TRACKING.......................................................................................236 ADJUSTING BRILLIANCE OF PLOT MARKS..............................227 Acquisition and Tracking..............................................................236 DISPLAYING TARGET DATA........................................................230 Quantization...................................................................................236 xii

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The chapter on ARPA has been expanded and now includes a sample operating manual for a modern commercial radar and ARPA. Many excellent.
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