Table Of Content

SUBJECT INDEX Agro, Lake 370 Tertiary 392-5 Aguarico, Rio 370 stratigraphy 382, 383, 384-5, 388 Alluvial sedimentation patterns 379-80 Australopithecus 483 Altithermal 87 Avalanche deposit studies 104-5 Altwas (California) 140 Aluminium levels and fire history 55 Bacons Castle Formation 150-3, 154-5, 163, 164, 166, 170 Amadeus Lake stratigraphy 382, 384, 385 Baicaoyuan loess stratigraphy 3 Amargosa Desert 123-4 Baituoshan Group 512 Amazon River (Peru) floodplain studies Bange Lake 495 methods 364-6 Baoji, loess stratigraphy 6-20 results Barbados sediment magnetic properties 77 “C data 367-70 Bassendean Sand 423 lithostratigraphy 366-7 Bavelian 37,42 Amino acid racemization dating 444 Baventian 26, 30, 48 Afiangucocho, Lake 370 Bear Bluff Formation 164, 179 Anhysteretic remanent magnetization(ARM) 82 Beardmore Erosion Surface 216 Annecy, Lacd’ 76 Beaver Basin(Utah) 124, 142 Antarctica see Ross Embayment Beaverdam Formation 150, 151, 154-5 Antian 24, 30, 46, 48 Beck Ranch (Texas) 126 Anza Borrega (California) 124 Beestonian 26 Archaeology, Palaeolithic 519-21 Bering Platform, Pliocene evolution 115 Arctic ice and global climate 275-7 Bering Strait, opening of 243,244 Ardleigh 26 Bethany Formation 150, 151 Artern Interglacial 37 Bibra Limestone 452-3 Ascot Formation 422, 423, 436-7 Biostratigraphic correlation see Dinoflagellates; Foraminifera; Astronomical theory and climate 297-8 Molluscs; Palynology; Radiolaria; Vertebrates Atlantic Ocean and palaeotemperature Blancan Land Mammal Stage 115 dinocysts 268-70 Bonneville Basin(Utah) 122 foraminifera 193-9 Boreal Guests 330 Auchencairn Bay sediment magnetic properties 74 Borntal Interglacial 37 Austdalsvatn pollen spectrum 102-3 Boxgrove 32 Australia 375-6 Bramertonian 26, 30, 46 Australia (Central) Brandywine Formation 150, 151 Quaternary/Holocene environment Brazil, palaeoecology of 370-1 aridity evidence 387 Breidamerkurjékull 338 climate 379 Breidavik Group 179, 181 climate change 380-1 Bridgewater Formation 447 floodplain behaviour 469-70 Broadmeadows 445 grazing induced erosion 470-1 Broomfield 26 floodplain characters 463-4 Brunswick Pebbly Sand 408 fluvial landforms 464-9 Butlers Shell Conglomerate 407, 408 glacial activity 386-7 Butley Red Crag 27 sedimentation 380-1 Lacustral phase 384-6 SC see Radiocarbon Last Interglacial 381-3 Cache Valley Formation 122 post Last Interglacial 383-4 Calcite precipitation 208 Australia (coastline studies) Caledonia Fen 400 dating methods for Last Interglacial 422-6 California, Pliocene evolution of 115 geological setting 441-2 Caloosahatchee Formation 179 localities studied Cameron Inlet Formation 424 Gulf of Carpentaria 452 Canada see Wood Buffalo National Park New South Wales 450-1 Cape York Peninsula 380 Queensland 451-2 Carbon cycle South Australia 446-9 controlson 283-5 Tasmania 450 modelling 286-7 Victoria 449-50 experiments 287-8 Western Australia 452-3 results 288-93 sea level estimates for Last Interglacial 453-4 results discussed 293-4 stratigraphy timescale 285 Last Interglacial 426-31 Carbon dioxide Late Pleistocene 431-3 climate effects 278-80 mid Pleistocene 424-6 weathering rates 283-5 Plio-Pleistocene 422-4 Carnarvon Basin 422 tectonic setting 420-2, 455-7 Cashu, Lake 366, 367 temperature estimates for Last Interglacial 454-5 Castlecliffian Stage 406-8 Australia (Southeastern) Cayo Agua Formation 179 George Lake Channel studies palynology 391-2 aggradation of Yangtze 529 Holocene 402-3 erosion modelling 530-4 Pleistocene 395-402 levee complexes 467-8 vill Subject Index Charcoal and fire history 53-5 Deformation till 347 methoof adnalsys is 57-9 Dendroclimatology see Tree ring analysis results 60 Denial Bay 445 results discussed 65-8 Deschutes (Oregon) 118 Chenier formation 380 Detrital remanent magnetism (DRM) 351, 353 Chillesford Clay 26, 43 Diamicton recognition 499-502 Chillesford Sand 26, 43 Diatoms China Pliocene 116, 120, 216-17 archaeology 519-21 Dinoflagellate cysts climate studies distribution 259-60 Quaternary 482-3 methods of study 260 Recent 551-4, 547-8 N. Atlantic species 260-1, 273 glaciation palaeotemperature analysis 261-3 diamicton recognition 499-502 results 263-8 geomorphology 487-93 results discussed 268-70 glacier cover 495-9 Dominion Range Erosion Surface 216 history of study 485-7 Dongting Lake 535 lake evidence 493-5 Donnelly Ranch (Colorado) 126 sediment analysis 504-7 Dulyn sediment magnetic properties, Llyn 78 loess stratigraphy 6-20 Dunefields 378, 381 palynology 537-8, 542-3 Duplin Formation 164, 165, 169, 179, 180 permafrost studies 511-16 phytogeographical regions 538 East Anglia river studies Pliocene to Pleistocene Yangtze 523-6, 529-35 biostratigraphy Yellow 480-1, 523-6 foraminifera 27-8 Chinchaga Formation 55 molluscs 28-9 Chowan River Formation 150-3, 154—5, 163, 164, 166, 170, 179, palynology 23-7 181 vertebrates 29-32 Christine Point Clay 452 correlation with Netherlands 47-9 Cibicides pachvderma 320-1 lithostratigraphy 43-5 Cibicidoides spp. 207 heavy mineral suites 46-7 Climate modelling Eastover Formation 150, 151 Late Tertiary/Quaternary 297-8 Eccentricity and insolation 308-14 parameters 298-304 Ecuador, palaeoecology of 370 results 304-12 Electron spin resonance dating 444-6 results discussed 312-14 Ellergower Moss sediment magnetic properties 78 Pliocene Enewetak Atoll 247 Arctic ice effects 275-7 sea level history 254-7 carbon dioxide levels 278-80 stratigraphy 247-51 climate instability 278 England see East Anglia interhemispheric coupling 277 Erosion cell mosaics 468-9 ocean current effects 277-8 Erosion and grazing 470-1 orographic effects 275 ESR 444-6 Pacific-Atlantic links 275 Estuarine sedimentation in China 523-6 Tertiary 128-9 Ethmodiscus 211 Climate studies Ettadunna Beds 382 Pliocene 175, 200-3, 209-12, 219-20, 230-2, 235 Evans Head 443 assorted proxy records 190-1 Evaporation: precipitation ratio 385 foraminiferal indicators 193-9 Eyre Lake stratigraphy 382 ostracode data 133-44 Eyre Peninsula 443 pollen records 116-25 tree ring analysis 547-8 Fire history vertebrate records 125-6 methods of analysis 57-9 Quaternary proxy measures 53-5 China 482-3, 542-3 Wood Buffalo National Park Netherlands 24 area studied 55-6, 59 New Zealand 414-15 results of study 60-5 Recent significance of results 65-8 China 551-4 Flatiron Butte (Idaho) 142 Norway 87-90, 106-9, 109-11 Floodouts 468 reconstruction via proxy data 77,79 Floodplain studies see also Sea surface temperature Amazon River Coastal sedimentation patterns 380 methods 364-6 Contorted Drift 338-41 results 366-70 Cora lsland 344 Central Australia Coralline Crag 24, 27, 28, 48 behaviour 469-70 Crane Formation 45 characteristics 463-4 Cromer Forest Bed 30-1, 43 effect of grazing 470-1 Cromerian 26, 29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 49 landforms 464-9 Crotone 319, 321 Flora see Palynology, also Plant macrofossils Culture, Palaeolithic 520-1 Fluvial studies Cypresshead Formation 164 landforms large scale 464-7 Dabusun Lake 494 medium scale 467-8 Daguan Lake 534 small scale 468-9 Dampier Limestone Formation 432, 445 see also Yangtze River, also Yellow River Darling Fault 420 Foraminifera Decarbonation and carbon dioxide levels 283-5 Crags 27-8 Declination 355 Plio-Pleistocene 424 Subject Index Pliocene 116 Ice rafted detritus (IRD) climatic interpretation 193-9 methods of study 207 5'*O record see Mediterranean; Southern Ocean results 208-9 USSR 242 Inclination 355 Frome Lake 385, 388 Insolation and climate factors affecting 297-8 Gaupne Stadial 106 gps General Circulation Model (GCM) and Tertiary climate 128-9 P ontians 301-3 Geochemistry and fire history 55 planetary 298-301 methoof adnalsys is 59 parameters updated 303-4 results 65 results 304-12 results discussed 69-70 results diecussed 312-14 — agg Interhemispheric coupling 277 — “4 402-3 Isothermal remanent magnetism (IRM) 82, 353 ness - Italy 319, 321 Pleistocene 395-402 i 2- ontguge "Tan teh 2 ee os : : “os ames City Formation 3, 164, 166, 170 Geosol stratigraphy, Chinese loess 6-20 loaniies glacier front oscillation Glacial/interglacial amplitude cycle 169 methods of study 90-1 Glaciation conte iis Pliocvenee t 116 22 > ; avalanche data 104-5 Guu 320-1, 326-9 lacustrine evidence 91-8 China, Tibetan Plateau 508-9 PRs soy aga arealcover 495-9 . diamicton recognition 499-502 RAST 487-93 Kai-iwi Siltstone 408 =‘ aan soe ona.9 Kaimatita Pumice Sand 408 Glacier front oscillation Kamchatka see Karaginsky Island methods of study 90 Karaginsky Island results geological setting 239-40 Pliocene avalanche data 104-5 : 7 lacustrine evidence 91-8 a ae peat bog evidence 98-104 S le ad hy 243-4 results discussed 105-11 palacoceanography 24: Glaciotectonic deformation Katapiri Formation 384 pense Kesgrave Formation 43-4, 44-5 classification 335-6 proglacial 336-8 Kettleman Hills (California) 119 subglacial 338-42 Kirkcudbright Bay sediment magnetic properties 74 ae : Kotupna phase 386 depositional mechanisms 345-7 Kusennttimesess 408 styles 342-3 advance/retreat effects 344-5 . : carer arm cninatiiien 3-6 Lacustrine (lake) sediment analysis 2 Amazon (Peru) strain patterns 343 asticin 66 Glanville Formation 445, 447 sere . results 366-71 Glenns Ferry Formation 120, 141-2 : <a ee ; China 493-5 Globigerina bulloides 320-1, 326-8 . — : : = climate change indicators 381, 385-6 Globoro‘ talia puncticulata and temperature 192 fiirer e hihiss tory records 55 Glomsdalen peat 100-1 fone ; methods of analysis 57-9 Grahamstown 443 Its 59 Grandview (Idaho) 142 nerve eg vite A a glacier oscillation records Grazing animals and erosion 470-1 : . - methods of analysis 90 Great Barrier Reef 443 ? Great Blakenham 341-2, 343 mam HS G Lak 385. 388 ae palaeomagnetism 75-80, 95-8 Guba ma in Pliocene ostracodes Guildford Formation 423 Gevatos 155 " distribution and climate 134-5 ecology 144-5 Haematite and magnetic measures 82 morphology 136-9, 145-6 Haugabreen soil 102 study areas 140-2 Hautawa Shellbed 408 Laminated Diamicton 338-41 Haweran Stage 408, 409 Landguard Formation 408 Heavy mineral studies 47-9 Lanzhou loess stratigraphy 3 Hindmarsh River 445 Largs (Australia) 443, 445 Hogemo Stadial 106 Last Interglacial studies 201, 426-31 Holmstrémbreen 343 Lateral lakes 527 Holocene Latrobe Valley 396 Australia 402-3 Leake Lake 399 China Leerdam Interglacial 37 climatic interpretation 542-3 Limoncocha, Lake 370 estuarine sediments 523-6 Lishi Loess 2,519 pollen evidence 537 Little Ice Age 88, 89, 105-6 Norway 87-90, 106-9, 109-11 Little Oakley Sands and Silts 26, 29, 31, 44 Hoskuldsvik basalts 181 Liverpool Bay sediment magnetic properties 74 Huckleberry Ridge Ash 142 Lodgement till 345 Human evolution 483,519 Loess stratigraphy Hydrology of lakes 385-6 Baoji 6-20 Hypsithermal 87 New Zealand 412-13 x Subject Index Longgan lake 534 Pliocene-Pleistocene Lowestoft Till 341-2 biostratigraphy Ludham Crag 27 molluscs 34-40 Ludhamian 24, 46, 48 pollen 32-4 Lufeng Sivapithecus 483 vertebrates 40-3 Luochuan loess 3,79 climate curve 24 Lynch's Crater stratigraphy 382, 384, 386 correlation with England 26, 47-9 heavy mineral suites 46 Maassluis Formation 34 magnetostratigraphy 24 MacLeod Lake 443 Nettlebed 26 Magnetic properties of sediments New Zealand interpretation 73-80 Quaternary climate 414-15 problemsof analysis 80-4 Quaternary stratigraphy 405-6 stratigraphy marine 406-9 Australian Last Interglacial 446 non-marine Chinese loess 5,21 alluvial 412 Mediterranean 323-6 glacial 409-12 Norway 95-8 loess 412-13 Southern Ocean 207 volcanic 413-14 Tanganyika, Lake Newland Lake 445 methoof adnalsys is 352-60 Nigardsbreesnoi l 101-2 results 353-6 Noordbergum 32 results discussed 356-60 North Sea Basin (South) susceptibility 353-4 correlations see East Anglia, also Netherlands Magnetite and magnetic measures 82 stratigraphy 45-6 MakirikirTiuf f 408 magnetic stratigraphy 77 Malakunanja 378 Norway see Jostedalen Malan Loess 2,519 Norwich Crag 27-8, 28-9, 43, 48 Mammals Notofagus 217 Pleistocene 29-32, 40-3 Nukumaru Limestone 408 Pliocene 115, 125-6 Nukumaru Sand 408 Mandurah 443 Nukumaruan Stage 405-6 Mangahou Siltstone 408 Manu, Rio 365 5'SO Pliocene record Mary Ann Bay (Australia) 443, 445 Atlantic Ocean 167-9 Maxwell Formation 408 Mediterranean 320-1, 326-8, 330 May, Cape 153, 158-9 Southern Ocean Mediterranean methods of study 206-8 Pliocene glaciation reconstruction 319-20 results 208-9 climatic interpretations 328-31 results discussed 209-12 methods of analysis Oak Grove Fork (Oregon) 116-18 isotopic 320-1 Obliquity and insolation 308-14 palynologic record compared 321 Ocean currents and climate 277-8 stratigraphy Ohingaiti Sand 407, 408 lithology 321-2 Okehu Siltstone 408 5"°O 326-8 Okiwa Group 408 palacomagnetism 323-6 Omar Formation 153, 156 Megaripples 466 Orangeburg Scarp_ 164, 176, 190 Mella Sand Formation 445 Orbital parameters and climate Melt-out till 345 introduction 297-8 Memana Formation 424 modelling Meyer Desert Formation 216 parameters Minim Cove (Australia) 443, 445 earth-moon 301-3 Modelling planetary 298-301 carbon cycle 286-94 parameters updated 303-4 climate results 304-12 carbon dioxide levels 275-81 results discussed 312-14 insolation 297-315 Orography and climate 275 river channels 530-4 Osborne Formation 422 Molluscs Ostend (Norfolk) 32 Plio-Pleistocene 28-9, 34—40, 424, 436-7 Ostracodes Pliocene Pliocene, USSR 242 lacustrine Moln Formation 179 characters 133 Monsoon triangle 482 distribution and climate 134-5 Montagu 445 ecology 144-5 Moraines and glacier oscillation 90, 98-9 morphology 136-9, 145-6 see also Push moraines study areas Moruya Beach 380 Altwas 140 Morwell Swamp 395 Beaver Basin 142 Mount Mills Formation 216 Flatiron Butte 142 Mowbray Swamp 445 Grandview 142 Mpulungu Sub-Basin see Tanganyika, Lake Sand Point 141-2 Murray River stratigraphy 383, 386 Snake River Plians 141-2 Verde Valley 140-1 Nagar sediment magnetic properties, Loch 78 oceanic 175-6 Napo, Rio 370 Overflow channels 466 Natural remanent magnetism (NRM) Owens Valley (California) 122-3 Neoglaciation 87 Oxygen isotope stratigraphy see 5'°O Neogloboquadrina pachyderma 207, 208 @yastrondi avalanche deposits 105 Netherlands, The @ystolsreset peat 103 Subject Index Pacific Ocean heavy mineralogy 46 Pliocene studies pollen 32-3 diatoms 116 Ploughing 346 foraminifera 116 Pogadroma Tillite 215 glaciation 116 Pohu Lake 534 radiolaria Point Ellen Formation 424 climatic significance 232-5 Pollen analysis see palynology methods of study 225-6 Port Adelaide 443 results 227-32 Port Fairy Calcarenite 449 see also Enewetak Atoll Port Wakefield 443, 445 Pacific-Atlantic link and climate 275 Post-detrital remanent magnetism (PDRM) 351, 353 Palaeoclimate see Climate Poyang Lake 535 Palaeolithic in China 519-21 Precession and insolation 308-14 Palaeomagnetism see Magnetic properties Pre-Ludhamian 24 Palaeotemperature see Climate Pre-Pastonian 26, 30, 47, 48 Palynology and palaeoenvironment Precipitation see Rainfall Holocene PRISM v Australia 402-3 Pukekiwi Shell Sand 408 Canada boreal forest fire history 55 Pulbeena Swamp 384 methods of analysis 57-9 Push moraine results 60-5 classification results discussed 68-9 antiformal 336 China 537 end moraine 336-7 alpine plateau 542 formation 336 sub-tropical evergreen 540-1 Putiki Shellbed 408, 409, 497 temperate broad leaved 538-40 temperate desert 541-2 Qaidam Basin 494 temperate grassland 541 Qarhan Salt Lake 494-5 temperature mixed conifer 537-8 Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Pleistocene climatic impact 482-3 Australia 395-402 uplift 480-2 England 24-6 see also Tibetan Plateau Netherlands 32-4 Quinault Formation 118 Pliocene Quistococha, Lake 366 Australia 392-5 England 24 Radiocarbon dating Mediterranean lake sediments methods of analysis 321 Amazon floodplain 367-70 results 329-30 Norway 95,97 results discussed 330-1 palaeosols 88 USA peat bogs 99-104 East Coast 147-59 problems in 378 West Coast 115, 116-25 Radiolaria Panama Isthmus 115, 275 Pliocene Pacific assemblage Pastonian 26, 30, 48 climatic significance 232-5 PEACE programme 247 methods of study 225-7 Peat bog analysis 99-104 results 227-32 Pedostratigraphic unit defined 3-5 Rainfall records and climatic change Peelo Formation 42 China 552-4 Pelsaert Reef 443 USA 117 PengliLake 534-5 Ramapithecus 483 Permafrost in China Rapanui Marine Sand 408 distribution 511-12 Raysor Formation 164, 166, 179, 180 reconstruction of Holocene 514-16 Red Crag 27, 28, 29, 43, 48 reconstruction of Pleistocene 512-14 Redcliffe 445 Perth Basin 420-2 Rhode River 74,76 Phytogeographical regions of China 538 Ringinglow Bog sediment magnetic properties 78 Pinecrest Formation 179, 180 Ringold Formation 118 Plant macrofossils Rio Banano Formation 179 Antarctica 217 Rita Blanca (Texas) 126 USA _ 116-25 Robe 443 Planulina wuellerstorfi 207,208 Ross Embayment Plio-Pleistocene boundary geological setting 215-16 Australia 422-4 Sirius Group New Zealand 405-6 palaeoclimate interpretation 219-20 North Sea 47 palaeontology 216-19 Pliocene stratigraphy 216 climate and palaeoenvironment v-vi tectonic setting 220-1 glaciation, Antarctica 215-16, 219-20 Rotational remanent magnetization(RRM) 82 indicators of climate see 5'*O; Ostracodes, Palynology Rottnest Island 382, 443 Radiolaria Runmeng Lake 535 sea level changes see sea level Safford Valley (Arizona) 125 surface temperature 191-3, 230-2, 235, 261-3 Sale 443 East Anglia San Simon Valley (Arizona) 125 foraminifera 27 Sand Point (Idaho) 141-2 heavy mineralogy 46 Sand sheets 464-6 molluscs 28 Sandthreads 4646 pollen 24 Sandsvora peat 103-4 Netherlands Saturation isothermal remanent magnetism (SIRM) 81, 353 xii Subject Index Scoat Tarn sediment magnetic properties 78 Tiglian 32,48 Scobicularia Crag 27 molluscs 34-5, 36-7 Scole 26 pollen 33 Sea level vertebrates 42 Holocene 530 Tjérnes Peninsula 179, 181, 199 Last Interglacial 453-4 Tools, Palaeolithic 520-1 Pliocene 254-7 Tourville Bay 445 coastal evidence 163-7 Totora, Lake 366 modelling 171-2 Tower Hill 400 d5"Orecord 167-9, 209-10 Traeth Dulas sediment magnetic properties transgression chronology 169-71 Tree ring analysis Sea surface temperature China 545-8 Last Interglacial 433 Norway 89 Pliocene 191-3, 230-2, 235, 261-3 Tres Chimbadas, Lake 366, 367 Seafield Sand 408 Trimingham 343 Searles Lake 123 Tuftebreen soil 102 Sedimentation rates Tulelake (California) 118 analysis 95 Tunsbergdalen peat 101 effect of carbon dioxide 283-5 Tyrrell Lake 385, 388 Shakespear Cliff Sand 408 Shark Bay 443, 445 U-series dating 382 Sherwood Sand 408 Australian Last Interglacial 442-4 Shoreline studies see Australia Urk Formation 42 SiriusGroup 189-90, 210, 211, 215, 216 USA Pliocene studies biostratigraphy 216-19 East Coast Siwalik Group 480 ocean temperatures 181-6 Skerdingsdalen avalanche deposits 104-5 oceanography 176-9 SLEAD project 377 palynomorphs 147-62 Smith's Knoll Formation 45 sealevelrecord 163-71 Snake River Plains (Idaho) 20, 141-2 stratigraphy 179-81 Snow-gun hypothesis 210 West Coast Soils, buried 90 ostracodes 133-44 Sonoma (California) 119 pollen 116-25 Southern Ocean 5'"O records vertebrates 125-6 methods of study 206-8 USSR see Karaginsky Island results 208-9 Uvigerina peregrina 320-1, 326-8, 330 results discussed 209-12 Spencer Gulf 443 Vanadium and fire history 55 Spitsbergen 343 Vanndalen peat study 100 Sperteggbreen 91 Vanndalsvatret 90 Sprongdalen lake sediment stratigraphy 91 avalanche deposits 105 accumulation rate 95 peat 100 moraines 98-9 Sterksel Formation 37 palaecomagnetism 95-8 Stradbroke (Suffolk) 24 radiocarbon data 95 Stradbroke Island (Australia) 443 Varves and fire history 55, 65 Strzelcki dunefield 387 Vegetation see Palynology, also Plant macrofossils Sugworth Channel 26, 29, 31, 44 Verde Valley (Arizona) 124-5, 140-1 Susceptibility 81 Vertebrates Sygneskardet peat 99-100 Pleistocene 29-32, 40-3 Pliocene 125-6 Tahoe, Lake 122 Viscous remanent magnetism 354-5 Taihu Lake 534 Volcanism, Quaternary 413-14 Tallygaroopna phase 386 Tamala Limestone Formation 425, 426, 438-9, 445, 453 Waalian 37 Tambopata, Rio 365 Waardenburg Interglacial 33 Tamiami Formation 179, 180 Wabasso Formation 164, 169 Tanganyika, Lake 351 Waccamaw Formation 164, 170 palaecomagnetic study 352-3 Waipuna Conglomerate 408 results 353-6 Waipuru Ash 408 results discussed 356-60 Waltonian Red Crag 24, 27, 48 Tanna sediment magnetic properties, Loch 78 Wanganui Series 407, 409 Teewinot Formation 121 Wangoom Lake 398 Tegelen Clay 41-3 Wangrah Creek 379 Temperature estimates Warrnambool 443 Holocene 551-2 Weathering rates and carbon dioxide 278-80, 283-5 Last Interglacial 443, 454-5 Weinan loess stratigraphy 3 Pliocene 175-6, 191-3, 230-2, 235, 261-3 Westbury-sub-Mendip 31, 32 Temperature records and climate change 551-2 Westkapelle Ground Formation 45 Terang Lake 401 Westmere Siltstone 408 Tewkesbury Formation 408 Weybourne Crag 30 Thermoluminescence 446 Willandra Lakes 384 Thurnian 24, 46, 48 Willandra lunettes 387 Tibetan Plateau, glaciation of 508-9 Windsor Formation 163, 164, 166, 170 diamicton recognition 499-502 Winterton Shoal Formation 45 geomorphology 487-93 Woakwine barrier 382 glaciercover 495-9 Woakwine Range 445 history of study 485-7 Wood Buffalo National Park lacustrine evidence 493-5 fire history 55-6, 59-70 sediment analysis 504-7 natural vegetation 56-7 Subject Index Woods Lake 385, 388 estuary 523-6 Wucheng Loess 1-2, 519 lake history 527, 534-5 Wyrie Swamp 399 Yarmouth Roads Formation 44, 46 Yellow River Xian loess stratigraphy 3 estuary 523-6 Xifeng loess terrace 480-1 magnetic properties 79 Yoganup Formation 423 stratigraphy 3 Yorktown Formation 150-3, 154-5, 163, 164, 165-6, 169, 179, 180-1, 199 Yangtze River channel aggradation 529 ZacangcakaLa,k e 495 channel modelling 530-4