Quantum Software Engineering

321 Pages·2022·14.832 MB·English

by  Manuel A. Serrano (editor), Ricardo Pérez-Castillo (editor), Mario Piattini (editor)

Quantum Software Engineering
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Manuel A. Serrano Ricardo Pérez-Castillo
Mario Piattini
Editors
Quantum
Software
Engineering
Editors
ManuelA.Serrano RicardoPérez-Castillo
aQuantum aQuantum
UniversityofCastilla-LaMancha(UCLM) UniversityofCastilla-LaMancha(UCLM)
CiudadReal,Spain TalaveradelaReina,Spain
MarioPiattini
aQuantum
UniversityofCastilla-LaMancha(UCLM)
CiudadReal,Spain
ISBN978-3-031-05323-8 ISBN978-3-031-05324-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05324-5
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland
AG2022
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The editors want to dedicate this book to the
aQuantum Team for their great work in
Quantum Software Engineering research and
practice.
To Laura and Maria Jose, we are entangled
through the time
Manuel A. Serrano
To my loved ones, to whom I am entangled
with
Ricardo Pérez-Castillo
ToTerryandPeterFinch,avery“entangled”
couple, with love
Mario Piattini
Preface
Overview
Historically, we can identify different industrial “revolutions”: the first revolution
that took place at the end of the eighteenth century with the creation of the steam
engine and the telegraph; the second (in the first decade of the nineteenth century)
withtheoil-fueledcombustionengine,electricity,thetelephone,andtheradio;and
thethirdbroughtaboutbyinformationtechnologyandthespreadoftheInternet.In
thelasttwodecades,wehavewitnessedanotherconfluenceoftechnologies,social
networks,mobile,bigdataanddataanalytics,cloudcomputing,artificialintelligence
(AI), 3D printing, virtual and augmented reality, robotics, blockchain, Internet of
things (IoT) and Internet of everything, etc., that have provoked a real digital
“revolution/transformation”inorganizations.Farfromstopping,thenextrevolution
is already looming, resulting from the combination of nano- and biotechnologies,
genomics,andquantum-basedtechnologies.Infact,ifthenineteenthcenturywasthe
“machineage,”andthetwentiethcenturywasthe“informationage,”thetwenty-first
centurywillprobablybethe“quantumage.”
Quantum computing is gaining a lot of interest from governments, research
agencies, companies, and investors alike. It is already possible to use various
quantumcomputers,basedoncounterintuitiveprinciplesassuperpositionorentan-
glement,andtakeadvantageoftheirbiggercomputingpowertosolveproblemsthat
cannot be addressed by “classical” computers in a reasonable timeframe. The
applicationandusageofquantumcomputingrequiretheuseofcompletelydifferent
kinds of algorithms and programming languages. Several quantum platforms are
already available for coding these new algorithms. So, it can be stated that: “The
thingdrivingthehypeistherealizationthatquantumcomputingisactuallyreal.Itis
nolongeraphysicist’sdream—itisanengineer’snightmare”[1].
As the IBM Institute for Business Value highlights: “We are living in the
QuantumDecade,whenquantumcomputersaregettingreadytooverperformtheir
classicalcousinsinameaningfultask,achievingwhatwecallQuantumAdvantage”
[2].Thesamereportremarksthat:“Theintegrationofquantumcomputing,AI,and
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classical computing into hybrid multi-cloud workflows will drive the most signifi-
cantcomputingrevolutionin60years.”
However,forquantumcomputingbeingamoreeffectivereality,quantumcom-
puter science, hardware, and software are not enough, and a novel “Quantum
SoftwareEngineering”(QSE)isbecomingamust.Recently,theSoftwareEngineer-
ing Institute of the Carnegie Mellon University has published a “National Agenda
forSoftwareEngineeringResearch&Development”titled“ArchitectingtheFuture
ofSoftwareEngineering”[3],whichincludesan“EngineeringQuantumComputing
Software Systems Research Focus Area,” pointing out that “If we imagine that
hardwareadvancesthatpermitscalingareachieved,thenadvancesinsoftwareand
softwareengineeringwillalsobeneeded.”Oneofthe“researchrecommendations”
ofthisagendaisto“CatalyzeIncreasedAttentiononEngineeringforNewCompu-
tationalModels,withaFocusonQuantum-enabledSoftwareSystems.Thesoftware
engineeringcommunityshouldcollaboratewiththequantumcomputingcommunity
toanticipatenewarchitecturalparadigmsforquantum-enabledcomputingsystems.”
Preciselythis book was conceivedwith this inmind, togather aset ofsoftware
engineeringtechniquesandtoolstoimprovetheproductivityandassurethequality
in quantum software development. Thereby, quantum computing will be the main
driverforanewsoftwareengineeringgoldenageduringthepresentdecade[4].
Organization
Thebookiscomposedof15chaptersstructuredasfollows.
Chapter 1, written by Elías F. Combarro, introduces the main general concepts
andfoundationsrelatedtoquantumcomputing.
Thenasetofchaptersdealwiththequantumsoftwareengineering,methods,and
techniques.
InChap.2,MarioPiattiniandJuanManuelMurillopresentthequantumsoftware
engineering landscape and the main challenges that arise in this new computing
paradigm. This chapter also briefly reviews the Talavera Manifesto for quantum
softwareengineeringanddiscussesthemainproblemsinthefield.
InChap.3,MiguelÁngelBlancoandManuelA.Serranoproposeagovernance
systemadaptedtoquantuminformationsystems,basedonCOBIT.
InChap.4,BenjaminWeder,JohannaBarzen,FrankLeymann,andDanielVietz
showaquantumsoftwarelifecycleforhybridsystems,proposinganewframework
speciallyadaptedtothiskindofsystem.
CarmeloR.CartiereistheauthorofChap.5,whereheexploresanddefinesanew
formalmethodforquantumsoftwareengineering.
In Chap. 6, written by Carlos A.Pérez-Delgado, a quantumsoftware modelling
languageispresented,andQ-UMLisproposedinordertofacilitatethemodellingof
quantumapplications.
Preface ix
Chapter 7, by Iaakov Exman and Alon Tsalik Shmilovich, offers a rigorous
formulation of the density matrix-based approach as a Universal Software Design
procedure.Itenablesmodularizationofallsoftwaresystemtypes.
In Chap. 8, written by David Valencia, Enrique Moguel, Javier Rojo, Javier
Berrocal,Jose Garcia-Alonso,andJuanM.Murilloanapproximationtothedevel-
opment of hybrid quantum-classical services is proposed using service-oriented
architectures, in order to tap on problems hard to deal with classical computing
algorithms.Fromtheexperimentsmadeandanalysiscarriedout,severalshortcom-
ings of actual quantum computing are derived, allowing the proposal of some
directionsforfuturedevelopmentofquantumservice-orientedcomputing(QSOC).
Antonio García de la Barrera, Ignacio García-Rodríguez de Guzmán, Macario
Polo, and José A. Cruz-Lemus show, in Chap. 9, the current trends and emerging
proposalsforquantumsoftwaretesting.
InChap.10,Miguel-Angel Sicilia,MarçalMora-Cantallops,SalvadorSánchez-
Alonso,andElenaGarcía-Barriocanaldiscusstheapparentdifferencesandsimilar-
ities of quantum software engineering as an emerging discipline with “classical”
software engineering from the viewpoint of measurement and point to future
researchdirectionsinthatparticulararea.
Ricardo Pérez del Castillo and Luis Jiménez-Navajas present in Chap. 11 a
software modernization process based on ADM, and, hence, on reengineering,
which could be effective in situations resulting from the evolution of classical and
quantumsoftware.
Turning to the quantum software environments and tools, Chap. 12, by Jose
AntonioCruzandManuelA.Serrano,presentsanoverviewofthedifferentquantum
softwarelayersandtheexistentquantumsoftwaretoolsandplatforms.
Chapter13,writtenbyGuidoPeterssenyJoseLuisHevia,showsQuantumPath®
(QPath®),whichisaquantumsoftwaredevelopmentplatformtosupportthedesign,
implementation,andexecutionofquantumsoftwareapplications.
Nir Minerbi briefly explains, in Chap. 14, how quantum software development
couldbeachievedwithClassiq,aQuantumAlgorithmDesign(QAD)platformthat
automatically synthesizes complete quantum circuits from high-level functional
models.
Andfinally,inChap.15,FilipaRamosFerreira,JoãoPauloFernandes,andRui
Abreupresentandoverviewofquantumsoftwareframeworksfordeeplearning.
Target Readership
The target readership for this book is assumed to have previous knowledge of
information systems and software engineering. The book is aimed at academics,
researchers, and practitioners involved in the creation of quantum information
systemsandsoftwareplatforms.
x Preface
It can also serve as a reference book for monographic courses on quantum
softwaredevelopment,aswellasforthesubjectstobeincorporatedinthecurricula
ofbachelor’sandmaster’sdegreecoursesinthefieldofcomputerscience.
CiudadReal,Spain ManuelA.Serrano
TalaveradelaReina,Spain RicardoPérez-Castillo
CiudadReal,Spain MarioPiattini
February2022
References
1. KnightW(2018)Seriousquantumcomputersarefinallyhere.Whatarewegoing
todowiththem?MITTechnolRev
2. IBV (2021) The Quantum Decade. A playbook for achieving awareness, readi-
ness, and advantage. IBM Institute for Business Value. https://www.ibm.com/
downloads/cas/J25G35OK
3. SEI(2021)Architectingthefutureofsoftwareengineering.Anationalagendafor
Software Engineering Research & Development. Carnegie Mellon University,
Software Engineering Institute. https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-view.
cfm?assetid¼741193
4. Piattini M, Peterssen G, Pérez-Castillo R (2020) Quantum Computing: a new
Software Engineering golden age. ACM SIGSOFT Softw Eng Notes 45(3):
12–14.https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3402127.3402131
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our gratitude to all those individuals and parties who
helped us produce this volume. In the first place, we would like to thank all the
contributing authors and reviewers who helped improve the final version. Special
thankstoSpringer-VerlagandRalf Gerstner forbelieving inusonceagainandfor
givingustheopportunitytopublishthiswork.
WewouldalsoliketosayhowgratefulwearetoNataliaPinillaofUniversidadde
Castilla-LaManchaforhersupportduringtheproductionofthisbook.
Finally, we wish to acknowledge the support of the “QHealth: Quantum
Pharmacogenomics Applied to Aging” project, the 2020 CDTI (Center for the
Development of Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Science and Innovation
of Spain) Missions Program and FEDER, and the SMOQUIN project (PID2019-
104791RB-I00) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation
(MICINN).
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