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Quantum Software Engineering PDF

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Quantum Software Engineering (cid:129) (cid:129) Manuel A. Serrano Ricardo Pérez-Castillo Mario Piattini Editors Quantum Software Engineering Editors ManuelA.Serrano RicardoPérez-Castillo aQuantum aQuantum UniversityofCastilla-LaMancha(UCLM) UniversityofCastilla-LaMancha(UCLM) CiudadReal,Spain TalaveradelaReina,Spain MarioPiattini aQuantum UniversityofCastilla-LaMancha(UCLM) CiudadReal,Spain ISBN978-3-031-05323-8 ISBN978-3-031-05324-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05324-5 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland The editors want to dedicate this book to the aQuantum Team for their great work in Quantum Software Engineering research and practice. To Laura and Maria Jose, we are entangled through the time Manuel A. Serrano To my loved ones, to whom I am entangled with Ricardo Pérez-Castillo ToTerryandPeterFinch,avery“entangled” couple, with love Mario Piattini Preface Overview Historically, we can identify different industrial “revolutions”: the first revolution that took place at the end of the eighteenth century with the creation of the steam engine and the telegraph; the second (in the first decade of the nineteenth century) withtheoil-fueledcombustionengine,electricity,thetelephone,andtheradio;and thethirdbroughtaboutbyinformationtechnologyandthespreadoftheInternet.In thelasttwodecades,wehavewitnessedanotherconfluenceoftechnologies,social networks,mobile,bigdataanddataanalytics,cloudcomputing,artificialintelligence (AI), 3D printing, virtual and augmented reality, robotics, blockchain, Internet of things (IoT) and Internet of everything, etc., that have provoked a real digital “revolution/transformation”inorganizations.Farfromstopping,thenextrevolution is already looming, resulting from the combination of nano- and biotechnologies, genomics,andquantum-basedtechnologies.Infact,ifthenineteenthcenturywasthe “machineage,”andthetwentiethcenturywasthe“informationage,”thetwenty-first centurywillprobablybethe“quantumage.” Quantum computing is gaining a lot of interest from governments, research agencies, companies, and investors alike. It is already possible to use various quantumcomputers,basedoncounterintuitiveprinciplesassuperpositionorentan- glement,andtakeadvantageoftheirbiggercomputingpowertosolveproblemsthat cannot be addressed by “classical” computers in a reasonable timeframe. The applicationandusageofquantumcomputingrequiretheuseofcompletelydifferent kinds of algorithms and programming languages. Several quantum platforms are already available for coding these new algorithms. So, it can be stated that: “The thingdrivingthehypeistherealizationthatquantumcomputingisactuallyreal.Itis nolongeraphysicist’sdream—itisanengineer’snightmare”[1]. As the IBM Institute for Business Value highlights: “We are living in the QuantumDecade,whenquantumcomputersaregettingreadytooverperformtheir classicalcousinsinameaningfultask,achievingwhatwecallQuantumAdvantage” [2].Thesamereportremarksthat:“Theintegrationofquantumcomputing,AI,and vii viii Preface classical computing into hybrid multi-cloud workflows will drive the most signifi- cantcomputingrevolutionin60years.” However,forquantumcomputingbeingamoreeffectivereality,quantumcom- puter science, hardware, and software are not enough, and a novel “Quantum SoftwareEngineering”(QSE)isbecomingamust.Recently,theSoftwareEngineer- ing Institute of the Carnegie Mellon University has published a “National Agenda forSoftwareEngineeringResearch&Development”titled“ArchitectingtheFuture ofSoftwareEngineering”[3],whichincludesan“EngineeringQuantumComputing Software Systems Research Focus Area,” pointing out that “If we imagine that hardwareadvancesthatpermitscalingareachieved,thenadvancesinsoftwareand softwareengineeringwillalsobeneeded.”Oneofthe“researchrecommendations” ofthisagendaisto“CatalyzeIncreasedAttentiononEngineeringforNewCompu- tationalModels,withaFocusonQuantum-enabledSoftwareSystems.Thesoftware engineeringcommunityshouldcollaboratewiththequantumcomputingcommunity toanticipatenewarchitecturalparadigmsforquantum-enabledcomputingsystems.” Preciselythis book was conceivedwith this inmind, togather aset ofsoftware engineeringtechniquesandtoolstoimprovetheproductivityandassurethequality in quantum software development. Thereby, quantum computing will be the main driverforanewsoftwareengineeringgoldenageduringthepresentdecade[4]. Organization Thebookiscomposedof15chaptersstructuredasfollows. Chapter 1, written by Elías F. Combarro, introduces the main general concepts andfoundationsrelatedtoquantumcomputing. Thenasetofchaptersdealwiththequantumsoftwareengineering,methods,and techniques. InChap.2,MarioPiattiniandJuanManuelMurillopresentthequantumsoftware engineering landscape and the main challenges that arise in this new computing paradigm. This chapter also briefly reviews the Talavera Manifesto for quantum softwareengineeringanddiscussesthemainproblemsinthefield. InChap.3,MiguelÁngelBlancoandManuelA.Serranoproposeagovernance systemadaptedtoquantuminformationsystems,basedonCOBIT. InChap.4,BenjaminWeder,JohannaBarzen,FrankLeymann,andDanielVietz showaquantumsoftwarelifecycleforhybridsystems,proposinganewframework speciallyadaptedtothiskindofsystem. CarmeloR.CartiereistheauthorofChap.5,whereheexploresanddefinesanew formalmethodforquantumsoftwareengineering. In Chap. 6, written by Carlos A.Pérez-Delgado, a quantumsoftware modelling languageispresented,andQ-UMLisproposedinordertofacilitatethemodellingof quantumapplications. Preface ix Chapter 7, by Iaakov Exman and Alon Tsalik Shmilovich, offers a rigorous formulation of the density matrix-based approach as a Universal Software Design procedure.Itenablesmodularizationofallsoftwaresystemtypes. In Chap. 8, written by David Valencia, Enrique Moguel, Javier Rojo, Javier Berrocal,Jose Garcia-Alonso,andJuanM.Murilloanapproximationtothedevel- opment of hybrid quantum-classical services is proposed using service-oriented architectures, in order to tap on problems hard to deal with classical computing algorithms.Fromtheexperimentsmadeandanalysiscarriedout,severalshortcom- ings of actual quantum computing are derived, allowing the proposal of some directionsforfuturedevelopmentofquantumservice-orientedcomputing(QSOC). Antonio García de la Barrera, Ignacio García-Rodríguez de Guzmán, Macario Polo, and José A. Cruz-Lemus show, in Chap. 9, the current trends and emerging proposalsforquantumsoftwaretesting. InChap.10,Miguel-Angel Sicilia,MarçalMora-Cantallops,SalvadorSánchez- Alonso,andElenaGarcía-Barriocanaldiscusstheapparentdifferencesandsimilar- ities of quantum software engineering as an emerging discipline with “classical” software engineering from the viewpoint of measurement and point to future researchdirectionsinthatparticulararea. Ricardo Pérez del Castillo and Luis Jiménez-Navajas present in Chap. 11 a software modernization process based on ADM, and, hence, on reengineering, which could be effective in situations resulting from the evolution of classical and quantumsoftware. Turning to the quantum software environments and tools, Chap. 12, by Jose AntonioCruzandManuelA.Serrano,presentsanoverviewofthedifferentquantum softwarelayersandtheexistentquantumsoftwaretoolsandplatforms. Chapter13,writtenbyGuidoPeterssenyJoseLuisHevia,showsQuantumPath® (QPath®),whichisaquantumsoftwaredevelopmentplatformtosupportthedesign, implementation,andexecutionofquantumsoftwareapplications. Nir Minerbi briefly explains, in Chap. 14, how quantum software development couldbeachievedwithClassiq,aQuantumAlgorithmDesign(QAD)platformthat automatically synthesizes complete quantum circuits from high-level functional models. Andfinally,inChap.15,FilipaRamosFerreira,JoãoPauloFernandes,andRui Abreupresentandoverviewofquantumsoftwareframeworksfordeeplearning. Target Readership The target readership for this book is assumed to have previous knowledge of information systems and software engineering. The book is aimed at academics, researchers, and practitioners involved in the creation of quantum information systemsandsoftwareplatforms. x Preface It can also serve as a reference book for monographic courses on quantum softwaredevelopment,aswellasforthesubjectstobeincorporatedinthecurricula ofbachelor’sandmaster’sdegreecoursesinthefieldofcomputerscience. CiudadReal,Spain ManuelA.Serrano TalaveradelaReina,Spain RicardoPérez-Castillo CiudadReal,Spain MarioPiattini February2022 References 1. KnightW(2018)Seriousquantumcomputersarefinallyhere.Whatarewegoing todowiththem?MITTechnolRev 2. IBV (2021) The Quantum Decade. A playbook for achieving awareness, readi- ness, and advantage. IBM Institute for Business Value. https://www.ibm.com/ downloads/cas/J25G35OK 3. SEI(2021)Architectingthefutureofsoftwareengineering.Anationalagendafor Software Engineering Research & Development. Carnegie Mellon University, Software Engineering Institute. https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-view. cfm?assetid¼741193 4. Piattini M, Peterssen G, Pérez-Castillo R (2020) Quantum Computing: a new Software Engineering golden age. ACM SIGSOFT Softw Eng Notes 45(3): 12–14.https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3402127.3402131 Acknowledgments We would like to express our gratitude to all those individuals and parties who helped us produce this volume. In the first place, we would like to thank all the contributing authors and reviewers who helped improve the final version. Special thankstoSpringer-VerlagandRalf Gerstner forbelieving inusonceagainandfor givingustheopportunitytopublishthiswork. WewouldalsoliketosayhowgratefulwearetoNataliaPinillaofUniversidadde Castilla-LaManchaforhersupportduringtheproductionofthisbook. Finally, we wish to acknowledge the support of the “QHealth: Quantum Pharmacogenomics Applied to Aging” project, the 2020 CDTI (Center for the Development of Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain) Missions Program and FEDER, and the SMOQUIN project (PID2019- 104791RB-I00) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). xi

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